`` Darkness At Noon `` By Arthur Koestler

In a communist economic system, decisions are made by the overall community. In practice, attempts to implement a communist system have developed state-driven economies benefiting only single-party political elitists not accountable to their citizens. Capital assets are owned collectively by the state rather than private parties. Labor rates and the prices of goods are established by the government rather than supply and

“The class of the wholly property laws, who are obliged to sell their labor to the bourgeoisie in order to get in exchange, the means of subsistence for their support. This is class of the class of proletarians, or the proletariat.” As we know that “The communism is a theoretical statement of the conditions for the emancipation of the proletariat.” It is the doctrine of the liberation of the proletariat. There were no such labor and rich people cannot own any worker. In society everybody have his or her own farmland, but all the production is owned by the state. How much food each person will get is depending on how much food they contributed to the country. In the idea of communism everybody has to share, and there are no such individual secrets. All the people should have the same interests. According to the research few students at Stanford University did, “in a communist society, the individual’s best interests are indistinguishable from the society’s best interest. Thus the idea of an individual freedom is incompatible with communist ideology. The reason to hold an individual speech and information rights would likely be met only in certain instances rather then across time. Making the default a lack of freedom.” Not only share and have same interest, they also share their benefit together. Communist focuses on the benefits to society instead of individual. All the land was

With that thought in mind, we are back to looking at how Arthur Koestler portrayed the character of Rubashov as a vehicle to illustrate the struggle between the ideas of the party and of the individual. The conspicuous disagreement of the Communist Party is the contention between

The book Night by Elie Wiesel is about a teenage boy who lives through the holocaust. Before reading the book you need to know about the holocaust. The holocaust started in 1933 and ended in 1945. The holocaust is a genocide where 6 million Jews were killed by Nazis lead by Adolf Hitler. Hitler blamed the Jewish people for anything and everything. Hitler had the nazis take Jews to concentration camps. Families were broken apart and never seen their loved one again.

In Ellie Wiesel’s non-fiction novel, Night, he is telling his experiences of living in a concentration camp. The following passage is one that gives an example of how human lives were disregarded, “Faster, you filthy dogs! We were no longer marching, we were running like automatons. The SS were running as well, weapons in hand. We looked as though we were running from them.

Communal living has been a fixture of society since the days of hunter-gathering. It wasn’t until social classes began to emerge and forms of capitol were created that societies moved away from communism. The modern theory of communism comes from Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels’, The Communist Manifesto. Published in 1848, this dissemination of communist ideals, which called for the elimination of class

Marx’s primarily aims to explain how communism will free men, end the class struggle. The work argues that class struggles, and the exploitation of one class by another is the source of all inequality. Marx’s theories become one the motivating force behind all historical developments. The work strongly advocates the freedom of the proletariats which Marx’s claims can only be achieved when property and other goods cease to be privately owned. He see’s that private property has been a problem through out history, capital that aids the ruling class to maintain control. Marx argues that the lower class come together in a revolution and gain power and eventually take the power away from the upper class.

Communism is not some unverifiable, otherworldly entity, but “itself a Power” (218) already in Europe. The power of communism does not come from arbitrary political systems set up by the bourgeois, but from the natural power of labor and workers.

The Russian Revolution and the purges of Leninist and Stalinist Russia have spawned a literary output that is as diverse as it is voluminous. Darkness at Noon, a novel detailing the infamous Moscow Show Trials, conducted during the reign of Joseph Stalin is Arthur Koestler’s commentary upon the event that was yet another attempt by Stalin to silence his critics. In the novel, Koestler expounds upon Marxism, and the reason why a movement that had as its aim the “regeneration of mankind, should issue in its enslavement” and how, in spite of its drawbacks, it still held an appeal for intellectuals. It is for this reason that Koestler may have attempted “not to solve but to expose” the shortcomings of this political system and by doing so

Arthur Koestler's Darkness at Noon depicts the fallacious logic of a totalitarian regime through the experiences of Nicolas Salmanovitch Rubashov. Rubashov had fought in the revolution and was once part of the Central Committee of the Party, but he is arrested on charges of instigating attempted assassinations of No. 1, and for taking part in oppositional, counter-revolutionary activities, and is sent to a Soviet prison. Rubashov, in his idle pacing throughout his cell, recollects his past with the Party. He begins to feel impulses of guilt, most especially in those moments he was required to expel devoted revolutionaries from the Party, sending them to their death. These

So in actuality, the moment Rubashov chose to allow his conscience to dictate his beliefs—instead of No.1—was the moment that he stood in opposition of the party. "No.1 has faith in himself, tough, slow, sullen, and unshakable. He has the most solid anchor-chain of all. Mine has worn thing in the last few years...The fact is: I no longer believe in my infallibility. That is why I am lost" (101). After further reflection Rubashov begins to understand. The idea had not changed, it had just been followed to its logical extreme. "We were held for madmen because we followed every thought down to its final consequence and acted accordingly" (100). The older generation was being replaced by the younger; just as the Neanderthaler replaced the Apes as the dominant species. True, the Neanderthaler must have been considered to be unnatural, uncouth, and vicious by the Apes, but despite those attributes, they became the altering force of nature, and evolution ensured their success (234-235). The older generation had stagnated. It was time that they were replaced by a superior species.

One of the greatest debates of all time has been regarding the issue of the freedom of mankind. The one determining factor, for Marx, it that freedom is linked with class conflict. As a historian, Karl Marx traced the history of mankind by the ways in which the economy operated and the role of classes within the economy. For Marx, the biggest question that needed to be answered was “Who owns freedom?” With this in mind, Marx gives us a solution to both the issues of freedom and class conflict in his critique of capitalism and theory of communism, which is the ideal society for Marx. His theory of communism is based on the “ultimate end of human history” because there will be freedom for all humankind.

“In a Dark time” by Theodore Roethke gives a retrospect into the inner turmoil’s of finding oneself through a haze of doubts in till reaching a moment of clarity. Each section of the poem describes a different emotion, or inner thought that spirals from fear of death, to emotions of desire. The use of imagery between nature and uncertainties of the narrator give a glimpse into Roethke’s own mind during the time he wrote this poem. Without hundreds of pages Roethke created a poem that connects readers to their own self-doubts and struggles of finding ones way again.

This topic in itself can be broken down even further. First, the flaws with the "current" system in respect to the bourgeois and proletariat will be shown, which will reveal the problems in the relationship between individual and society. Secondly, the way that communism addresses these issues, and the rights of the individual, as seen through the manifesto, will be elaborated on in great detail.

Karl Marx is the most famous theoretician of communism. Johnson acknowledges Marx’s most famous quote: “From each according to his ability; to each according to his need” which is a thought that within itself includes the basic idea of communism. Professor Johnson explains that the deeper deliberation of the concept is that everyone is expected to co-operate in the process of production. The individual citizen’s equal rights of access to consumer goods though would be completely unaffected by his own individual contribution to production. (Johnson) It was expected of people to stop thinking about money and how much they get, how much they can spend and how to get more. Furthermore they had to stop thinking about profit, contracts, banking, loans, insurance etc. The communist leaders thought that would eliminate all the major social problems such as class conflict, political oppression, racial discrimination, inequality of sexes, religious prejudice, and cultural backwardness. They believed it would also put an end to more such “psychological” forms of suffering as isolation and feelings of powerlessness. Johnson claims that the specific type of communism that occurred in Easter Europe was the Marxist-Leninist variant of socialism where people believed that a truly communist society can be achieved only through the powerful overthrow of capitalism and the establishment of a “dictatorship of the proletariat”. They thought that