Dengue Is A Viral Disease

West Nile Virus is known as an arthropod-born virus, or an arbovirus, and are transmitted and sustained within blood feeding arthropods, such as the mosquito. The disease, while having no apparent effect on the host, is then transmitted as the mosquito takes a blood meal. As the source of infection, the mosquito or other blood feeding arthropod is known as a primary vector. However, because the life cycle of the mosquito is reletively short an additional host is needed to maintain the life cycle of the virus.

In year 2013, CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) get report of 2605 cases as regards to noticeable arboviral disease, comprising those caused through 2469 cases of WNV (West Nile Virus), 85 cases of LACV, 22 cases of JCV, 8 cases of EEEV, and 15 cases of POWV, and cases of few other diseases. These cases were stated from 26 percent (830) among the 3141 nations of U.S., no cases were stated from Hawaii or Alaska. The WNV virus is having majority of cases from all other cases. Therefore, it is measured as a vital or serious disease. (Nicole P. Lindsey, 2014)

West Nile virus is the most significant exotic mosquito-borne disease that has come to the contiguous United States in the last century. Outbreaks have proven extremely difficult to predict and control and have been associated with considerable morbidity. The large outbreak in 2012, which caught many by surprise, indicates that West Nile virus will remain a formidable public health challenge for years to come (“FAQ: West Nile Virus,” par. 3).

CNN observes that the west nile virus is an illness spread by infected mosquitoes. The west nile virus has killed many people and you should use bug spray when you go outside mainly at night. The symptoms of the west nile virus take a while to show up and sometimes you will have this virus but get no symptoms. West nile virus can be deadly and harmless, but then when you get it who knows if it will be bad or good. (“CNN” 2016). This evidence supports my thesis statement because it answers

The Dengue virus is currently the most rapidly spreading mosquito-borne viral infection in the world. Yearly, it brings 50 million infections and a minimum of 1200 deaths. Originally, Dengue fever was transmitted to apes and monkeys by the Aedes stegomia mosquito, and rarely directly to humans. The main reason Dengue has been spreading increasingly over the past 25 years is because of the urbanization of tropical environments. The destruction of the jungles for habitation put humans in close range of the natural Dengue hosts, causing an outbreak of the virus in the human species (Macklin, 2014). In this case, the human impact on the viruses was the human interference with the environment in which this virus

By learning about different viruses in class, it sparked my interest in further researching a common virus known to the word called West Nile virus. Affiliated with the genus Flavivirus, this virus can be transported globally due to being classified as a mosquito-borne arbovirus1. Mosquitoes, belonging to the genus Culex, can facilitate the transportation of this pathogen by consuming the blood of an infected bird, being the main reservoir, and then passing it on to another animal or human1-3. Mosquito activity is at its peak during the months of summer and autumn, therefore these months depict the most cases of West Nile virus4. Humans play no role in the transportation as they are coined dead end hosts due to not being able to produce enough

West Nile Encephalitis is a West Nile Virus that causes inflammation of the brain. The viral family’s name is flaviviridae and genera flavivirus (Tortora. Funke. Case, 2010, p 376). The flavivirus genome consists of positive RNA single strand. However, the virus has acquired several mutations and research is ongoing (Tortora, Funke, Case, 2010 p 223). West Nile virus is an arthropod-borne virus and is transmitted to human beings through the bite of infected mosquitoes. It is the leading cause of domestically acquired arthropod-borne disease in the United States. (Nicole, 2014 para.1). According to the World Health Organization (2011), “Approximately 80% of people who are infected will not show any symptoms. However, less than 1% of the people who are infected will show severe symptoms resulting to a serious neurological illness like encephalitis.” (Center for Disease Control (2015)

The pathogen - West Nile virus belongs to the family Flaviviridae, genus Flavivirus and is part of an antigenic complex of Japanese encephalitis viruses. According to the classification of human-pathogenic microorganisms WNV belongs to II group of pathogenicity. Pathogen - flavivirus has an icosahedral shape, the approximate size is 40-50nm. Flavivirus has a single-stranded RNA, has a protein coat an enveloped capsid. Based on the differences of the nucleotide and amino acid sequences currently distinguish at least five genotypes WNV. Well-preserved frozen and dried state. Die at a temperature above 56 C after 30 min.

West Nile virus is a mosquito-borne virus. The agent of West Nile is described as being a “mosquito-borne enveloped positive-strand RNA virus that emerged in 1999 in North America, specifically in New York City” (Public/Publisher Medline, 2015). Since its spread to North America it has continued to spread throughout the United States and even places such as Canada, Mexico and the Caribbean. However, its first emergence was in 1937 in Uganda (Medline Plus, 2014). According to Pub Med, there are now more than 41,000 clinical cases of West Nile virus which also includes 1700 fatalities. Moreover there is an estimation of “3 million people in the United States that have been infected since last year” (Pub Med, 2015).

Researchers found the Zika virus is a member of the Flaviridae family and is transmitted to humans by, mosquitoes. Although these research results are promising, it is difficult to determine whether this experiment really did ZIKV virus is a members of the Flaviridiae family or different family. Was the experiment of the ZIKV conduct appropriately to all animal? And although this research promising, results for the most flaviuvirus family. Interestingly, the virus was also detected in testicles of infected mice. We have no idea whether these result are applicable to another types of virus. So this article is miss leading and this conclusion does not necessary apply to all virus.

Each year, about 100-200 suspected cases have been reported in the United States brought by travelers. Dengue is transmitted through a mosquito bite that is infected with the dengue virus. "The mosquito becomes infected with dengue virus when it bites a person who has dengue and after about a week can transmit the virus while biting a healthy person" (CDC, 2012). Everyone is susceptible to dengue. There is no vaccine available. The best preventive measure is to eliminate places where mosquitos lay their eggs, most especially in big containers, or properly covered. Utilizing air conditioners and screened doors and windows and appropriate use of insect repellants could decrease the spread of infection. Community education and effort to increase awareness about dengue, recognizing it and controlling the transmission process is an important role the nurse and the community needs to collaborate to break the chain of infection and prevent the spread of

Administration of poly herbal capsules for 14 days at very high concentrations did not produce any change in haematological parameters in the animals such as total WBC, RBC, Platelet, haemoglobin as well as in the differential count. This again indicates that poly herbal capsules at high concentrations was not toxic to haematological system (Table 5 and Table 6).

Zika virus (ZIKV), a Flaviviridae family member is an arbovirus transmitted to humans by mosquitoes of the species Aedes aegypti. ZIKV epidemic over the past few years has implicated a rapid incline in neonatal microcephaly and Guillain Barre syndrome has become an immense global health issue. Like other Flavivirus, ZIKV has an enveloped, single positive sense RNA genome. The ZIKV glycosylated non- structural protein-1 (NS1) is known to be the main conserved feature among flavivirus, which interferes with host molecules and is vital in viral replication as well host immune modulation and pathogenesis. However, compared to typical flaviviruses such as dengue virus (DENV) and West Nile virus ,ZIKV NS1 demonstrates independent coding sequence

Makahiya (Mimosa pudica) Root Extract as an Alternative Ovicide against Dengue Mosquito (Aedes aegypti) Eggs

The in silico synthesis and serotyping using multiantigenic peptides of dengue virus proteins as tools for dengue diagnosis have been recently described (Rai et al. 2017). Epitopes on the envelope protein and NS1 protein were selected for the synthesis of multiantigenic peptide in the above study. Results indicated that among 157 patients studied almost 96 % positive reactions against MAP1 for IgM positive serum and 94 % against MAP 3 for IgM positive serum. However, a reduction in detection levels were also observed to around 60% IgG positive serums.