Describe The Role Of Transport Of Molecules In White Blood Cells

One key role that proteins have in biology, is their roles as enzymes. Enzymes are natural catalysts that bring about certain hydrolysis and condensation reactions in the body, and they are in fact proteins. Enzymes are 3D proteins that have an active site, which is complementary to a specific substrate,

The philosophy of proteins begins with their structures and meaning towards life. The fundamental concept of protein science is that the making of protein structure(s) is found within the protein sequence(s) and the structure also determines the function of a protein (1). Proteins are essential components all living cells need. They are the most profuse group of all biological molecules and are vastly complicated organic compounds found in living cells. Many substances such as enzymes, hormones, and antibodies are examples of proteins. The structure of a protein is made up of many different types of amino acids that form polypeptides. However, amino acids only form when a protein sequence is needed for a particular reason. Protein sequencing

All macromolecules except lipids are long chains made up of smaller building blocks. For example, carbohydrates are polysaccharides which are just a bunch of monosaccharides.Proteins are made up of amino acids and DNA and RNA are made up of nucleotides. Another difference is that lipids are not soluble in water. Carbohydrates are all soluble in water, as well a nucleic acids. Some proteins are and some proteins aren’t soluble in water. The function of a lipid also differs from that of a protein or nucleic acid. There are many functions to a protein depending on what type of protein it is. Enzymatic proteins help to accelerate functions in the body such as digestion. Transport proteins help move things across the cell membrane. There are many other important functions of proteins too. The function of nucleic acids is to store information. Lipids function is to store energy which is the same as carbohydrates, but lipids release more energy. Lipids release 9 kcal/g. but carbohydrates only release 4 kcal/g. Lipids also have a role in cellular signaling and the structure of a cell which carbohydrates do

Enzymes are proteins in the body and they go about as subtances. Substances which change synthetic responses and rates of these reactions in the body. With their nearness, responses are either moderated or fast.

For cell communication, the cell membrane has signaling molecules called glycolipids, lipids that have a carbohydrate and are bonded by a glycosidic bond. There are different proteins that belong in the phospholipid bilayer and each of them have a function. Channel proteins are designed to allow diffusion of molecules through small openings. Carrier proteins have binding sites and work by targeting specific molecules to allow for passage through gate channels. Receptor proteins triggers a release of molecules that stimulate cellular responses, for example the release of hormones through the synaptic cleft. Proteins that use tags to identify cells to the immune system are known as cell recognition proteins. Proteins also include enzymes and they perform metabolic reactions in the body. The transport across the membrane allow for particles with no charge or small ones to pass through, such as carbon dioxide. However, water cannot pass through easily across and needs the assistance of an aquaporin, a channel protein, to move through the bilayer. There are two types of transport: passive and active

One type of cellular transport is osmosis. Osmosis is the movement of a solvent through a selectively permeable membrane until the cell reaches stability or osmotic equilibrium. When there is no cell wall, such as in animal cells, solute concentration gradient and membrane permeability are taken in account for tonicity, the ability to gain or lose water. When a cell becomes isotonic, there is no movement across the membrane because the volume of the cell is stable and has reached osmotic equilibrium. If the cell becomes hypertonic, the cell is losing water to the environment around it causing the cell to shrivel and die. A hypotonic cell is when the solvent from the environment enters the cell faster than it is leaving, causing the cell to

Proteins are made up of long chains of building blocks called amino acids. The sequence of the amino acid is characteristic to a particular protein and this determines its function. There are twenty or more amino acids - some of which are essential some non-essential.

Proteins are the primary functionary macromolecules of any cell due to their vast variety in function, which is a result of their amount of varying forms, and they are polymers composed of amino acids. These functions include transportation, structural support, motility, gene regulation, signal carrying and receiving, storage, and catalyzing reactions; these functions are determined by the form of the protein. It follows then that the many functions of proteins come from their multitude of forms and their multiple levels of structure which are as follows: primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary. The primary structure is most basic chain or sequence of amino acids that accumulate into the alpha helices and beta sheets which compose the secondary structure of a protein. The tertiary structure is a complete and three-dimensional polypeptide chain containing the secondary structures, folds, coils, loops, and such that form a globular form. Quaternary structure is a single protein formed by multiple polypeptide chains or multiple tertiary structures.

c.)Hypothesis- Slide #1 blood only is isotonic, Slide #2 Blood plus .9% of NaCl is Hypotonic, Slide 3# blood plus 10% of NaCl is Hypertonic and Slide #4 Sheeps blood and dH20 is Isotonic.

Enzymes are proteins and their function is to act as catalysts to speed up certain chemical reactions in the cell that would be slower without them. This process occurs as steps in a cycle with separate reactions in each step. If there is a missing product the step in the cycle will be incomplete and the normal function of the organism cannot be accomplished causing negative effects on the organism. The biological processed of the body would occur much more slowly or possibly not at all without the presents of enzyme reactions.

Proteins are macromolecular polymers, built up of chains of repeating units called amino acids. There are twenty different naturally occurring amino acids, all of which have the vital amino (-NH₂) and carboxylic acid (-COOH) groups bonded to the central carbon atom, as well as an “R” group specific to that amino acid. Proteins are versatile and useful molecules, they can be used in many different roles in the body. For example, the catalysis of biological reactions, the transmission of messages around the body and the transportation of molecules (eg. the transportation of oxygen by haemoglobin). Proteins are coded for by the sequence of nucleotide bases in the DNA sequence of genes specific to the protein molecule in question. This sequence of bases is copied in the process of transcription which takes place in the nucleus of the cell. The copied sequence then undergoes post-transcriptional modification. This allows the introns (which are of no use in translation) to be removed from the sequence and the exons to be organised into the correct sequence to code for a specific protein. This modified sequence is then used in the process of translation to code for the amino acid sequence of the protein. Translation takes place in the ribosomes of the cell and is the process which results in the final formation of the linear polypeptide chain of the protein. This polypeptide chain is the basic primary structure of the protein. Proteins have four basic levels of

The reasoning behind this experiment was to be able to specify which molecules are capable of transporting in and out of the cell through the process of diffusion. Diffusion is the process where molecules move from a level of high concentration to low concentration and eventually stops once the equilibrium is reached. This study was able to demonstrate that glucose, starch, and silver nitrate were all existing at different amounts. Results began to show after around 40 minutes, but when we first started the experiment, no particles were present.

Enzymes are globular shaped proteins that are found throughout the body, with their main function being to act as biological catalysts. An enzyme can act to speed up or regulate the rate of the reaction, in order to maintain an efficient rate of biological reactions. Enzymes, whilst having an important role in the reaction of many chemicals within the body, are not consumed in the reaction, and so are able to catalyze many reactions in their life cycle. Enzymes are able to reduce the activation energy of the reaction; the energy required to break bonds between the reactants, and form new bonds in the products, which allows more product to be formed. (Marieb and Hoehn, 2010, pp.51-53).

Identify which of the solutions were isotonic, hypertonic, and hypotonic in relation to the potato.

Proteins are linear polymers that consist of monomer units called amino acids. These amino acids are linked end to end by peptide bonds (M. Berg, 2015). The linear, unbranched chain of amino acids will fold into one or a few closely similar three-dimensional structures known as conformations. Conformations of the proteins and the chemical properties of side chain amino acids, determine the function of the protein. Proteins can have functions that are essential for life within the cell. Without these functions, the cells wouldn’t be able to function properly (Lodish, 2016). Sometimes proteins can have mutations (change within the base sequence) within them causing their three-dimensional shape to change. The protein gamma-secretase is an example of this. This protein can have a mutation within one of its main components which can have an important role in Alzheimer’s disease (Lodish, 2016). Proteins have four different structures: primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary. These different structures will have different roles in the protein folding into its specific three-dimensional shape.