Detail the Components of a Synapse and Describe the Sequence of Events at a Synapse When Information Is Transmitted.

If the frequency of action potentials in the excitatory presynaptic cell increases than the number of action potentials in the postsynaptic cell will increase as well. This is due to temporal summation of EPSP at very frequent times. This causes the postsynaptic cell to produce many action potential in succession.

“The Human Brain”, by myPerspectives, is an informative article that claims that the brain is a complex organ that is truly impressive. The brain is a key part of the central nervous system, that controls the entire body’s activities, to simple things such as breathing. These actions are fired through neurons, that quickly travel through the spinal cord. Surprisingly, the brain transmits these messages at an unimaginable rate, at 150 miles per hour, through 85 billion cells, called neurons. These neurons can form up to 10,000 synapses, or connections to each other. By itself, the brain can create billions of synapses, which change the structure of the brain every time new information is learned. However, there is still much that scientists

As well as these there are also the axon of the cell which is covered in myelin sheaths which carried information away from the cell body and hands the action potentials, these are small short bursts of change in the electrical charge of the axon membrane through openings of ion channels, off to the following neurons dendrites through terminal buttons at the end of the axons. Whenever an action potential is passed through these terminal buttons it releases a chemicals that pass on the action potential on to the next neuron through the terminal button and dendrite connection. The chemicals that are

Describe the process of synaptic transmission. Include in this description the differences between excitatory and inhibitory transmitters.Sypnaptic transmission is the method in which obe nerve cell communicate to another nerve cell .The communication between nerve cells is done by branching or processing the nerve cell singnals that are passed by t have e nerve cell body or "soma", dentristes, and electrical axon or chemical signals

Once a presynaptic neuron is passive, an electrical current is spread along the length of the axon (Schiff, 2012). This is known as action potential (Pinel, 2011). Action potential happens once an abundant amount of depolarisation reaches the limit through the entry of sodium, by means of voltage gated sodium channels

As an action potential travels down the axon of the presynaptic neuron, the action potential reaches the axon terminal synaptic vesicles which migrate toward the synapse. They then release neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft. The neurotransmitters travel through the synaptic cleft and bind to ligand-gated ion channels on the postsynaptic neuron membrane. The channels open and allow chemicals to enter the cell (i.e. sodium). Then positively charged sodium enters the cell and causes the cell to depolarize. The depolarization spreads down the axon and an action potential is generated. The process then starts over at the axon terminals.

A synapse is a link where neurons communicate with other cells across narrow gaps using neurotransmitters or pulses (I learned this in my biology course last semester).

The end of the axon spread into some shorter fibers that have swellings on the ends called synaptic knobs. The synaptic knob has a number of little saclike structures in it called synaptic vesicles. Inside the synaptic vesicles are chemicals hung in fluid, which are molecules of substances called neurotransmitters which are inside a neuron and are going to transmit a message. Neurotransmitter are released into the synapse from synaptic vesicles. The neurotransmitter molecules bind to receptor sites on the releasing neuron and the second neuron or glands or even muscles causing a reaction.

Once in the synapses, the impulses triggers the release of chemical messages called neurotransmitters; which then bind to receptors on the receiving cell as the transmission of the impulse repeated again. The message or impulse continues traveling from one neuron to the next throughout the body until it reaches its destination as it relays a signal. All of this activity happens in less than a split second and without conscious thought. At the end of this process, the brain has the task of interpreting the message and making the decision as to what to do with this new information. (Carlson, 2011.Pg.45-52)

Synaptic plasticity refers to a process through which the brain undergoes neural changes due to alterations in synaptic strength. Many studies have demonstrated that these synapses have the ability to strengthen or weaken on account of synaptic activity. In other words, an increase in synaptic activity will further strengthen that connection, making it more sensitive to a particular stimulus. Conversely, a decrease in synaptic activity will weaken the connection such that it loses its sensitivity to a given stimulus. The neuronal events that result in the strengthening or weakening of a synapse are explained through two mechanisms – Long-Term Potentiation (LTP) and Long-Term Depression (LTD). In fact, scientists believe that the coupling of these two mechanisms essentially contributes to memory and learning of an individual.

These rearrangements are integral to the adaptive nature of the brain and crucial to its many functions. However, having a continuous stream of new synapse appearing and modifying the connectivity patterns of a finite space must lead to the removal of some data in order to maintain an efficient system; this means that processes that promote the remodeling of the brain also promote instability within some of the connections and in turn transience. [3]

Depolarization in membrane potential triggers an action potential because nearby axonal membranes will be depolarized to values near or above threshold voltage.

What happens during synaptic transmission ? Well what occurs during synaptic transmission is most communication between neurons occurs at a specialized structure called a synapse this is an area where two neurons come close enough to touch another. they are able to pass chemical signals from one cell to another.the neurons are not actually connected but they are separated by microscopical small space called the synaptic cleft. The neuron were the signal is initiated is called the presynaptic neuron. The neuron that receives the signal is called the postsynaptic neuron .the Chemical signals called neurotransmitters that are packaged into small sacs are called vesicles each vesicle can contain thousands of neurotransmitter molecules when the

As soon as the electrical signal reaches the end of the axon, mechanism of chemical alteration initiates. First, calcium ion spurt into the axon terminal, leading to the release of neurotransmitters “molecules released neurons which carries information to the adjacent cell”. Next, inside the axon terminal, neurotransmitter molecules are stored inside a membrane sac called vesicle. Finally, the neurotransmitter molecule is then discharged in synapse space to be delivered to post synaptic neuron.

Nerve cells generate electrical signals to transmit information. Neurons are not necessarily intrinsically great electrical conductors, however, they have evolved specialized mechanisms for propagating signals based on the flow of ions across their membranes.