Development and Application of Geographic Information System (GIS) in Marine Fishery Realm
During a long period of time, realm of marine fishery has always been focusing more on subjects like morphology, taxonomy, ethology, physiology, cytology and breeding science, instead of on the distribution of marine species and the interaction between fish and marine environmental conditions (Kracker, 1999), until Geographic Information System (GIS) was widely used by different disciplines as an effective tool of tackling spatial problems. As a system designed to capture, store, manipulate, analyze, manage, and present all types of spatial or geographical data, GIS was firstly used in marine fishery realm in 1980s (Kapetsky & et al, 1987), and
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Besides distribution map, GIS was also used by Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) to draw a series of maps (Populus & Lantieri, 1991) that reflected land use types of intertidal zones and seabed, coastal lines and the depth contour lines.
Till the early 1990s, the connection between GIS and marine fishery became much closer; GIS began to be applied for electronic atlas. Skagex electronic atlas was completed by Ostrowski (1994), embracing physic physical, chemical, biological and hydrological parameters of the territorial seas of 7 Baltic states. Also in this phase, The British Oceanographic Data Centre (BODC, Ramster,1993) implemented the UK Digital Marine Atlas (UKDMAP), which integrated the marine information of geology, geomorphology, meteorology, hydrology, especially the fishery areas, conservation areas, islands and breeding ground of British territorial seas. These atlases have already possessed the fundamental functions of GIS such as superimposition data searching, distance calculation.
In the mid and late 1990s, the application of GIS in marine fishery realm was further improved. Pollitt (1994) built a Fishery Protection Information System (FPIS) by the comprehensive utilization of GIS, expert systems and database systems, providing service for the Irish fishery patrol according to the local laws, information of ships and geological features. Meaden and his group (2000)
Some of the major technologies used in geography, have made both sorts of information far more readily available and far easier to use. Statistical analysis and modeling of spatial patterns have relied on computer technology.
plays a major part of our geographic information system. With all the advance technology today
Maps are extremely important for studying the environment because of their significance with time. They can help explain weather patterns such as water and sun cycles as well understand how these impact upon our environment. Maps can help us understand how earth’s resources are divided amongst space and how these can be better managed. Finally, maps can help us understand the places we live in with regards to the physical features which can help us function more effectively.
Digital satellite (raster) makes it convenient to analyze with a computer and to integrate the data with GIS. It can be used in GIS to classify into thematic maps showing diverse themes such as land use, land cover, change, harvest cover, ect.
The Coast guard facilitates the research that these organizations conduct with its many resources which include polar icebreakers, fishery science vessels, and oceanographic science vessels. The type of research conducted includes Sea life species analysis and demographics, habitat assessment, and other tests to perform analysis on Canada’s bodies of water. Such is important in canada for a multitude of reason. One of which being the canadian fishing industry. According to DFO the total value of fish and seafood exports was $5,958,905,000, and according to Trading Economics Canada’s exports in total were valued at $43,675,000,000, meaning that the fishing industry accounts for nearly 14% of all of Canada’s exports. Such an industry needs to be heavily regulated to ensure that the practices of fisheries are safe and effective. The research conducted in conjunction with the coast guard aids in the perfecting of our fishing processes to ensure future sustainability which will lead to growth in the canadian
GIS is a computerized integrated data management system used to analyze and present geographical and spatial data.10 GIS has been used
It included all States, Capitals, Mountains, Bays, Great Lakes, Rivers, Trails, Canals, Desert, Territories and Terrains and Prominent Features. He also used Sheppardsoftware.com for fun interactive geography games, copywork and map pizzles.
Another map that geographers use to represent is economy. Economy maps label specific type of economic activity or
There are many methods to account for the number of fish in the ocean. However, there are many uncertainties within any models of assessment. The reliability of instruments and the weather condition during survey have great influence over the results (Smith and Gavaris, 1993). The mathematics involved and the interpretation of the numbers is very difficult to comprehend and are beyond the scope of this paper. However, in one 1997 journal article, C. J. Corkett criticized the commonly used Graham-Schaeder model of fish accounting. In general, he discredited the interpretation of the data because of the instrumentalist approach used by many fishery managements. Instrumentalism is defined in the American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language as a pragmatic theory that ideas are instruments that function as guides of action, their validity being determined by the success of the action. The raw data that
Fishing has been responsible for the survival of many families during millenniums, a tradition passed to father to son. The familiar fishery has characteristics, such as small bolts, fishing near the coast, seasonal and in small scales and low production of subsidies, but this changed in the passing years. The familiar business fishery changed to industrial, which happened because of technological increase and market demand. In mind’s 1050s/60s the fishery activity changed because of new technologies, such as rude boats made of steel as draggers and trawler with big capacity of the cod fishery, equipped with sonar, electronic navigation systems and radar, high generation of financial resources, a great financial return and attend the
In order to prevent the water quality problem, it is important to know the location and condition of the asset. Geographic Information System (GIS) or any system mapping is the foundation of inventory that will enable and manage all the necessary components of the stormwater system.
Due to the importance of fishing to the worldwide economy and the need for humans to understand human impacts on the environment, the academic division of fisheries science was developed. Fisheries science includes all aspects of marine biology, in addition to economics and management skills and information. Marine conservation issues like overfishing, sustainable fisheries and management of fisheries are also examined through fisheries science.
The evolution of the world toward a more industrial-based society has threatened fisheries, reefs, and maritime systems around the world. To combat the problems, various measures of legislation and government intervention have been implemented to protect living and nonliving marine entities and ensure that resources aren’t fully depleted.
There are several indicators of how sustainable the level of fishing is. The percentage of mature fish indicates whether the rate of fishing is unsustainable. If the percentage of mature fish is low, there is a large proportion of fish that are unable to mature, indicating overfishing (Froese, 87). This measure is widely monitored in many coastal regions with large fishing industries. The amount of illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing is measured globally and is known to be approximately 20% of the world’s fish trade. (Waitt
A huge chunk of human population also lives in the coastal areas and for many of them, fisheries is a way of livelihood which also constitutes a vital part for the protection of the biodiversity in India.