INTRODUCTION
Women who were the most dormant segment of the Indian population have now become active participants in all aspects of life (Gyan, 2015). She bear’s a special gift of bearing, rearing children. The major concern in woman’s life is reproductive health and they need enormous attention. Menarche and menopause are the two important phases of the reproductive cycle. The menopause is a time in women’s life when the reproductive capacity ceases. In menopause, the post-menopausal stage is the time next to menopause and peri-menopausal is the stage during which menopausal changes occur (Pillitteri,1999).
In early menopausal transition, estrogen levels are generally normal or even slightly increased; the level of follicle-stimulating hormone begins to elevate but is generally in the normal range (Deborah Grady, 2006). The women, in the transition to menopause, may experience vasomotor, psychosomatic, urogenital, psychological symptoms, and an increased the tendency to obesity, as well as sexual dysfunction. The prevalence of these symptoms linked to menopause different across ethnic, socioeconomic groups and between urban and rural women (Das Gupta, et al. 2009). These
…show more content…
The starting point of the menopausal changes seems to be the reduction of the ovum in the ovaries (Kirkwood, 1998). The female hormones produced from ovaries, which control the development of female body characteristics such as the body shape, breasts, and body hair. Both estradiol E2 and the peptide hormones Inhibin A and Inhibin B are secreted in the granulosa cells of the ovary, and the quantity produced is influenced by the pituitary hormones; follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). Declining levels of inhibin B and A is followed by increasing levels of FSH and marks the onset of the menopause. LH levels also elevate, but less marked compared to FSH (Overlie I, et al.
As my grandmother got older she went through many physical changes due to hormones in her body. At the age of 50 she went through menopause and this meant that there was many physical changes in her body like her periods started to become irregular and after a while would stop. The oestrogen hormone levels in women would decrease when they go through menopause. There are other symptoms which my grandmother experienced like:
There is a lack of collective focus regarding the recommendation of estrogen hormone therapy (ET) for postmenopausal women. For advanced practice nurses (APRN), clarification is necessary in order to inform their clients experiencing menopause of the risks and benefits of hormone therapy use. In the United States, breast cancer is the second leading cause of female death behind cardiovascular disease and its etiology is recently becoming more fully defined (Eccles, 2013). Breast cancer is exacerbated by the number of years clients use hormone therapy as well as each client’s lifestyle (Beckmann, 2014). Hormone therapy combination, dose and length of therapy as well as the client’s medical history all impact onset of malignancy, but the
The most relevant idea from this article is the finding Paddock concluded, that there might be an association between menopause and genes,
Journal of Women's Health, 25(7),
A menstrual cycle is a key element in a woman’s life, as each month it helps the recurring pregnancy process; that should be respected and normalized to all sexes. It is essential to the human race’s reproduction, despite the costs and taboos placed on periods.
Comparing the similarities and differences of hypothyroidism, adrenal insufficiency and menopause can help to understand how these disorders can mimic each other. Both hypothyroidism and adrenal insufficiency are endocrine disorders. With hypothyroidism, the individual secretes
Menopause is a transitional phase that every woman must endure. The affects that hormonal changes create during this transition can produce feelings of sadness and irritability. Menopause can be viewed as closing a chapter of life and eagerly awaiting the finale. A new beginning or a time of frustration; this transition can only be defined by the individual experiencing this phase.
These positions differ every few years based on evidence to support or refute previously held recommendations like cooling techniques for hot flashes, which was rescinded in the 2015 position statement ("Nonhormonal management of menopause-associated vasomotor symptoms: 2015 position statement of The North American Menopause Society," 2015). Turning points are experiences that represent a substantial change and lead to a new pathway (Glen H. Elder & Rockwell, 1979). Entering menopause is a turning point for many women, especially if onset signifies changes in their domestic roles or societal expectations. The timing of an event, or when in life something occurs, matters. The timing of menopause occurrence is typically in middle-age and may coincide with career changes, grandparenthood, or other new life trajectory. If, however, menopause onset was unexpectedly early, this may disrupt a woman’s reproductive plans and suddenly bring upon the transition to menopause. The life course perspective emphasizes understanding the life course within larger structures of time and history (Glen H. Elder & Rockwell,
The changes of menopause and your body, are when you’re entering a new time in your life by focusing on yourself and the thing you can enjoy. Menopause is when your ovaries stop producing hormones and your menstrual periods stop. There are two hormones, estrogen and progesterone they are what help regulate your monthly period. When the estrogen levels and progesterone levels have dropped and, an absents or irregular menstrual periods for 12 consecutive months is when a woman has entered into menopause. The most common symptoms of menopause are hot flashes, mood swings, night sweats and insomnia. It can be managed with hormone therapy prescribed by your physician pills, skin patches, vaginal creams/gels and suppositories. Some women prefer
These changes are typically brought on by hormonal fluxes that control the different phases of the cycle in order to ovulate a mature oocyte. The average menstrual cycle is 28 days in length and progresses through four distinct phases, each with its own regulatory hormone. The phases and their associated days are as follows: menstruation, or the early follicular phase (days 1–4), late follicular phase (days 5–11), periovulation (days 12–15) and the luteal phase (days 16–28). 1 The major hormonal secretion sites are the hypothalamus, which secretes gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), the pituitary, which secretes follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH), and the ovaries, which secrete estrogens and progesterone. Of the three types of estrogen involved in the menstrual cycle, estradiol, estrone and estriol, estradiol is considered the most potent and is known as E1.2 In lieu of discussing the many hormonal fluctuations of a typical menstrual cycle, a diagram has been included to display the oscillations of the hormones described
Although, estrogen is produced by other organs in the body, estrogen output is significantly decreased in premenopausal women, and progesterone becomes nearly absent.
For many women during the onset of menopause, the symptoms are typically insomnia, mood swings, depression and fatigue. However, these symptoms are also the hallmark of a thyroid disorder, and because the symptoms are so similar, many women who think they are just experiencing menopause may not seek medical advice about the possibility of a thyroid disorder. To further complicate the issue, thyroid disorders can be difficult to diagnose. What becomes important is knowing the differences between a dysfunctional thyroid and menopause.
The symptoms of PCOS affect a women wellbeing and mental state, putting her at risk for developing anxiety and depression. There is also the effect of social and marital maladjustment and sexual dysfunction. Overall PCOS offers reduction in health related quality of life for women, which makes it an important topic to women’s health (Bazarganipour, Taghavi, Montazeri, Ahmadi, Chaman, & Khosravi,
After Menopause, however, the responsibility is shifted to the adrenal glands, and fatty tissue. (http://www.livestrong.com/article/23846-estrogen-produced/)
· Menopause is the time in a woman’s life when the function of the ovaries ceases.