Ecl-B Statistics

This literature review will look into obesity in pregnancy and the influences its has on maternity care. The review will explore specifically health promotion including weight, dietary and exercise advice given to obese women, and will explore the challenges that come with giving weight related advice for the midwife and the women involved.

The pathophysiology of obesity is when there is a buildup of excess body fat. This excess body fat is determined by calculating a person body mass index (BMI). The BMI is calculated by an individual’s weight in kilograms divided by the square of a person’s height in metersthis allows us to come up with appropriate range of weight to an individual’s height. The body mass index is used to find out if an individual is overweight or obese. Individuals who’s BMI that have a range of 25 to 29.99 are thought to be pre- obese and overweight When an individual body mass index has surpassed 30kg this person is considered obese. As an individual’sBMI increases they become part of a different class of obesity there’s class I which is 30-34.9, class II

Answer: This is an ordinal variable because BMI is ordered from less BMI to higher BMI.

Obesity in pregnant women is a global concern. In The United States, obesity is a critical public health issue—one in every three women is obese (Masho, et al). This issue becomes crucial in the context that 36% of pregnant women in the United States are obese (Shub, et al). Studies show a strong association between maternal obesity and health risks during pregnancy and labor. In addition, a disconnect in perception and awareness exists such that most obese pregnant women who gain weight during pregnancy underestimate their Body Mass Index (BMI); and also have poor knowledge about the risk associated with obesity.

Body Mass Index is a simple scale that determines a ratio of weight in relation to height. According to Stephanie Wilson, “a Belgian

With over 22.5% of the current U.S. population considered to be clinically obese, compared to only 14.5% in 1980, there does not seem to be a cessation of this epidemic in sight (Hill & Peters, 1998). Goran and Weisners' (2000) proposal that "... the inherently lower resting metabolic rate in women versus men is responsible for the higher adiposity rates in women..." is wanting, especially since the potentially modifiable factors of; less physical strength, less daily free-living physical activity, and lower total energy expenditure are more likely the cause of the differences in observed adiposity between men and women. Since our genetic makeup has not appreciably changed in the last twenty years, we cannot strictly attribute the explosion of obesity to genetics. As these biological causes of obesity are disproved, a focus on the environment as a reason for obesity is taking centre-stage.

a) With reference to my midterm research study, I will be using the updated 2011/12 California Health Interview Survey (CHIS) for adolescents (ages 12-17). My research question is how is being overweight or obese associated with the household income by federal poverty level?

All of the articles included are cohort studies. While three of the studies were full-text articles, the study by Loersch in 2007 was an oral presentation abstract. As information on the topic is limited and this abstract adds to the body of evidence available, the abstract was included in the review. Both reviewers agreed on the included studies.

Bigger et al. (2014) conducted a cohort study, funded the National Institute of Health, of

James, W. P. (2008). The epidemiology of obesity: the size of the problem. Journal of Internal Medicine, 336-352. Retrieved from http://eds.a.ebscohost.com.library.gcu.edu:2048/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=9ede2d6d-4d02-42e9-aff7-dd9b2486a3c3%40sessionmgr4004&vid=8&h

(12) Results of a recent study across different ethnicities continue to link insulin resistance to in adulthood to lower birth weight.

The research problem is that women who are anticipating becoming pregnant may lack nutritional knowledge and their weight perception; For example, women may think that their weight is normal, but are unaware that they are actually obese and lack the knowledge of what a healthy diet is. Obese women and their offspring have an increased chance of obesity and chronic diseases while pregnant (Berenson, Pohlmeier, Tabassum, Rahman, Saade, 2016). The authors’ objective is to assess women’s diet and obesity knowledge as opposed to women that are not planning on becoming pregnant.

Recent studies now suggest there is a strong link between inheritability and obesity. It was crucial to notice, that obesity is becoming a pandemic, and that obesity associated diseases cost the NHS millions. Examples of obesity associated diseases are heart disease, arthrosclerosis, and Type 2 diabetes mellitus and also breast cancer. It was useful to revise body mass

There are certain women who are more likely to have a child who is born extremely under weight. These influences can be ethnic, environmental, and genetic. Recent studies have shown that thirty to forty percent of

It does neglect to mention the impact of family dysfunction. Previous studies have been based on the presumption that poor family functioning will be connected with inadequate parenting and regulation of children’s eating and activity patterns. However, there has been no specific theory or development in mechanisms to hypothesize an explanation of the role of those facts in obesity. CDC growth charts for the United States: methods and development (Kuczmarski, Ogden, Guo 2000)