Effects Of Chronic Kidney Disease

Potassium works with sodium to regulate the body’s water balance. The kidneys help to control the blood pressure by controlling the amount of fluid stored in the body. Therefore, the more fluid then the higher the blood pressure is. The kidneys do this by filtering out the blood and extracting any extra fluid, which then is stored in the bladder as urine. This is done very delicately as both sodium and potassium pull the water across the wall of the cells from the bloodstream into a collecting channel that leads to the bladder. When eating to much salt, the amount of sodium in the bloodstream will be imbalanced compared to the amount of potassium and thus reducing the ability of the kidneys remove the extra fluid. Eating more fruit and vegetables, the potassium levels increase and can help restore the chemical imbalance. However, there is a possibility of too much potassium, also known as hyperkalemia, which can lead to other issues like renal failure.

The second mineral that interested me was calcium. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body (Page. 385). In fact, proper calcium intake is very important. Calcium plays an important role in maintaining proper bone health, dental health, the prevention of colon cancer, and the reduction of obesity. The recommended (UL) for someone my age, and sex is 2500 mg a day (Page. 386). On day 1 of my 3 day analysis I consumed 374.54 mg of calcium. On day 2 I consumed 310.96 mg, and on day 3 I consumed 793.46 mg of calcium. Consequently, I did not meet the recommended (Ul) for calcium

Agus ZS, Morad M. Modulation of cardiac ion channels by magnesium. Annu Rev Physiol 1991; 53:299.

How do these electrolytes impact acid-base balance? calcium and magnesium have a synergistic relationship so one enhances the other.

Magnesium is needed for more than 300 biochemical reactions in the body. It helps maintain normal muscle and nerve function, keeps heart rhythm steady, supports a healthy immune system, and keeps bones strong. Magnesium also helps regulate blood sugar levels, promotes normal blood pressure, and is known to be involved in energy metabolism and protein synthesis. There is an increased interest in the role of magnesium in preventing and managing disorders such as hypertension, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes. (How Many Americans Are Magnesium Deficient)

blood count indicates anemia due to decreased production of erythropoietin (Castner, 2010). A CT scan or MRI can evaluate the anatomy and function of the kidneys to help determine the cause and stage of the disease. A renal biopsy may also be performed. These diagnostic tests determine the progression of the disease. There are five stages of chronic kidney disease. The treatment plan depends on the stage of the disease. If it is diagnosed in stage one, the patient and physician can work to treat the contributing factors and slow the progression of the disease. By the fifth stage the patient is on dialysis, needs a transplant, or in the most severe cases is in hospice care (Castner, 2010).

Calcium supports the skeletal structure and its functions by conserving and sustaining the strength of bones and teeth. It is involved in other body processes such as muscle contraction, blood clot formation, nerve impulse transmission, cell metabolism, and assistance in maintaining a healthy blood pressure and immune system. Adult humans absorb approximately 1/3 of the calcium from food. A higher rate of absorption, 50-65%, can be observed amongst newborn infants, children, and pregnant women. Calcium is an essential nutrient and requires vitamin D to be absorbed. Vitamin D is also involved in the regulation of calcium homeostas is. When vitamin D is lacking, the intestine absorbs only 10-15% of the calcium in foods; with the vitamin, intestinal absorption of dietary calcium increases to 30-80%. Once calcium enters the body, it is absorbed throughout the length of the intestines, with the greatest amount of absorption

Mark is a four year old male who has been diagnosed with chronic renal failure. Mark has two older brothers, John and Max. His mom, Carol, is a teacher at the local elementary school. His dad, Mike, is a community police officer. Mark goes to preschool from 0800-1200 four days a week. They live in a rural community in small four bedroom house with their dog, Bruno. Everyone in the community seems close and supportive. Both Mark’s older brothers caught strep throat at school and then Mark caught it. The strep wasn’t treated for two weeks as his mother thought his symptoms were allergies. Mark was in the clinic with his mom with symptoms of decreased urine output, rusty colored urine, and swelling of the abdomen. The doctor diagnosed him

The kidney is a body organ that filters blood for the secretion of urine and that regulates ion concentrations. When the kidneys can no longer function properly, it causes a kidney disease which can shut down and waste can be released into the blood flow. When kidneys can no longer function to sustain day to day life, it is diagnosed as chronic kidney disease (CKD) or end stage renal disease (ESRD).

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is an irreversible condition that progresses causing kidney dysfunction and then to kidney failure. It is classified by a GFR of <60mL/min for longer than 3 months. There are five stages of CKD: Stage 1 has kidney damage but has a GFR ≥ 90. Stage 2 has mild damage and a GFR of 60-89. Stage 3 has moderate damage and a GFR of 30-59. Stage 4 has severe damage and a GFR of 15-29. Stage 5 is also known as end stage renal disease (ESRD), this is kidney failure with a GFR of ≤ 15 and theses patients are typically on dialysis or in need of an immediate transplant. The leading cause of CKD is diabetes. Hypertension is also a major cause. Since most DM patients have HTN,

Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is among the leading causes of mortality throughout the world, and its prevalence and the health care costs resulting from it are considerable and increasing. CKD commonly is silent and asymptomatic until its late stages. Accordingly, CKD is diagnosed prior to symptomatic stage of kidney failure, resulting in delays in proper interventions and the emergence of adverse consequences in the CKD patients

Advancement in healthcare and pharmaceutical sciences has risen life expectancy and the number of old people. It has been predicted that by 2050, there would be about 380 million people in the world that are over the age of 80 (Luliano, 2014). Understanding the nutritional health of these people and ensuring that all vital minerals, such as iron and calcium are being consumed at required amounts is an important activity as with increased age, the risk of diseases, both nutrition and non-nutrition related, increase progressively (Luliano, 2014). Calcium is one of the most significant nutrients required by all human beings and the National Institutes of Health (2015) recommends that men and women, over the age of 50 need about 1000-1200mg of calcium per day. Calcium deficiency, either due to poor diet or due to the use of medications for some diseases like cancer, seriously affects bone health and increase risk to fractures and osteoporosis (Warensjo et al., 2011).

The human body contains blood and fluid compounds and elements like chloride, phosphate, potassium, calcium, sodium, and magnesium known as electrolytes that occur naturally to control important physiologic functions. When the body levels of electrolytes are low (hypo) or high (hyper) it results in electrolyte disorder. Depending on the affected electrolyte(s), when body electrolytes are hyper (high) or hypo(low) it leads to electrolyte disorder, which in turn disrupts blood ionized salts balance ( Buttaro, et al., 2017). For instance, disruption of chloride leads to either hyperchloremia or hypochloremia, calcium (hypercalcemia or hypocalcemia ), Potassium (hyperkalemia or hypokalemia), Magnesium disruption

Manganese is one of sixteen known minerals that are essential within the human diet (wardlaw). Minerals, such as manganese, are considered essential to the diet of humans if their absence results in physiological or structural abnormalities and their presence prevents disease/illness (wardlaw). The body utilizes manganese primarily in energy metabolism and within the antioxidant systems (wardlaw). Manganese is found primarily in parts of the body such as the liver, pancreas, kidneys and bones (Ehrlich).

However, if this was the case, why don’t we crave other magnesium-rich foods such as soybeans or peanuts? (WebMD, 2001)