Endocarditis Research Paper

the mitral valve 16 months ago and a Streptococcus mutans infection of the aortic valve 1 month ago.

3) Is her history of rheumatic fever relevant to her current symptoms? Explain. Rheumatic fever caused by Group A Streptococcus bacteria may cause damage to heart tissues including valves. Overtime, congestive heart failure may have developed. However, the pulmonary semilunar valve seems to be the issue in this case study, whereas rheumatic fever normally affects left heart tissue.

Jim presented to Camberra Hospital almost one months ago with symptoms of right-sided anterolateral chest pain lasting a couple of days, a dry cough and breathlessness.

The right and left side of the heart are similar in structural components. Both sides contain a AV valve, semilunar outflow valve and smooth and muscular parts. The main difference between the two sides is size. The muscle of the left ventricles is thicker than the right side. The cavities are the same size and pump the same amount of blood. The left ventricle pumps with more power to profuse the entire body. The right ventricle profuse the lungs. The systemic resistance of the left ventricle is much higher than the pulmonary flow. The right

Right-sided heart failure can be ruled in. When the heart is backed up it produces an overload of fluid in the lungs and entire body. As fluid accumulates in the lungs it can cause chest tightness, sob, jugular vein distention and coughing which produces a pink frothy colored sputum in which patient is positive for. Although this diagnosis has strong symptomology the BNP is normal and the diagnosis of Heart failure may be ruled out. (Dunphy & Winland-Brown,

For many patients, surgery is performed on the damaged valves. Surgery types differ for each individual depending upon which valves were affected, how severely they were infected, and if valves had previously been replaced artificially. Before surgery, patients must undergo a series of strenuous tests and careful assessments to be sure he or she qualifies for surgery. In a particular study, several patients were able to undergo valve replacement surgery.

The definition of TOF reads, a type of congenital heart defect. Congenital means that it is present at birth (UMMC, 2013). TOF occurs when there is 4 abnormalities all together. One of the 4 abnormalities is when a massive hole is in the wall of the muscle (septum) that separates the 2 bottom pumping cambers (ventricles) of the heart. The massive hole in the abnormality itself is a VSD. A VSD is known as a Ventricular Septal Defect. Due to the location of the VSD, two more abnormalities develop. One being that there is a vast blood vessel which take the blood to the body (aorta) is pulled toward, and “overrides” the ventricular septum so that it sits over both the left and right ventricles; this is called an overriding aorta (UMMC, 2013). The second abnormality that takes place is that the muscle produces obstruction to the blood flow going out the right across the pulmonary valve. The right ventricular outflow tract obstruction, can be due to obstruction below the valve, at the valve or in the pulmonary arteries as they deliver blood out to the lungs (UMMC, 2013). There is different severities of TOF. The most acute form is known as pulmonary atresia. In patients with pulmonary atresia there is no functional pulmonary valve. The right ventricular outflow obstruction leads to thickening of the

Myocarditis is inflammation of the middle wall of the heart that is caused by infection. The causes of this infection is other infections such as upper respiratory infections, lime disease, cocaine use or other toxic chemical exposure such as spider bites, metal poison, or snake bites but all of which are uncommon except for upper respiratory infections. There may be no signs or symptoms or they may cause heart murmurs or abnormal heart rhythms or shortness of breath or swelling. Myocarditis can affect the muscles as well as the hearts electrical system or a clot could form causing heart attacks or strokes. This is a very dangerous infection. There are treatments for this infection such as beta blockers and diuretics for less severe cases or IV antibiotics or intra-aortic balloon pumps for the more severe cases. However if left untreated it can cause CHF and or

The two most significant weakness related to the lack of specificity in etiological origin of the endocarditis, and an expanded discussion in relevance of results. The researchers explained that due to gathering their data from hospitals there was often a lack in specificity of microorganism identification in the codes submitted. More importantly, the researchers largely discussed the limitations in their study, rather than discussing the uses and significance of the article. While it is good to identify possible sources of error, the researchers overly focused on this, decreasing the confidence for readers in their

Valvular heart disease is when a valve is damaged or has a defect in one of the four valves in the heart. There are four types of valves you have the mitral, aortic, tricuspid, and pulmonary. All of theses valves have significant jobs of moving blood through the heart to get to the rest of the body. Now the mitral valve and the tricuspid valve are used to control the blood between the atria and the ventricles which is the upper and lower chambers of the heart. Also the valves that are frequently affected by valvular disease are the mitral and aortic valves. The valve that controls the flow of blood through the heart is the pulmonary valve and the aortic valve governs the flow of blood between the aorta and the heart. To ensure that the blood

A ventricular septal defect (VSD) is a defect due to an abnormal connection between the lower chambers of the heart. A heart has four chambers. There are left and right upper chambers, which are called an atrium, and left and right lower chambers, called a ventricle. The ventricular septal defect is a hole that occurs between the left and right pumping chambers of the heart.

Several studies have shown that spontaneous closure occurs with small defects that have a diameter of less than 3mm. Patients with muscular and perimembranous defects can expect for spontaneous closure to occur (Zhang et al., 2015). However, when significant shunting produces problems, treatment is unnecessary. Diuretics are often the first in line to relieve symptoms. Afterload reduction may also be used to promote systemic flow from left ventricle, reducing left-to-right shunting as a result. Defects that need surgical correction are often closed by placing a patch directly over it from the right ventricular side. Larger muscular apical defects require banding the pulmonary trunk to correct the pulmonary and systemic resistances and minimize shunting. Closing a defect for patients with Eisenmenger physiology would be detrimental since it would worsen the pulmonary hypertension by causing suprasystemic right ventricular systolic pressure. Cardiac catherization may be needed in these circumstances (Spicer et al., 2014). The prognosis is excellent for isolated ventricular septal defects. Patients who need surgical repair can also anticipate an excellent prognosis with zero mortality and minimal morbidity, without significant changes to the quality of life. Echocardiography plays a significant role in improving the prognosis for patients by

Cardiomyopathy generally caused by treatments of chemotherapeutic medications, or group of diseases, that leads to damage of the heart muscle. This injury can interfere with the pumping action of the heart and eventually lead to heart failure. Anthracyclines, drugs that cause cardiomyopathy, are used to treat for diseases like breast cancer, leukemia, lymphoma, and sarcoma. An example of an anthracycline is called doxorubicin (Adriamycin), which at certain dosage can have cardiotoxic effects on the heart. The symptoms of cardiomyopathy are feeling tired or fatigued, chronic cough, shortness of breath, swollen legs, and gain weight water easily. Doctor can diagnose patients with this disease by taking a chest x-ray and confirmed if they have

Infective endocarditis (IE) is a serious and potentially fatal disease that requires the use of bactericidal antibiotics. The pathogens of IE include streptococcus, staphylococcus, enterococcus and HACEK genus and the like. Streptococcus is the most common of them. Infective endocarditis should be confirmed pathogens before treatment, heart conditions of IE patients are also very important. Whether the patient’s heart valve has been replacing and site of infected valves will affect subsequent treatment options, background information of patients should be confirmed before treatment. Common infective endocarditis treatment guidelines around the world are the American Heart Association (American Heart Association; AHA), European Society of Cardiology

It’s always a hard thing when you’re a parent and you get told that something’s wrong with your child. It’s even worse when it’s something that’s as bad as a heart issue. My brother, Tyler Rueter, 6 hours after he was born, was diagnosed with Pulmonary Atresia with a ventricular septal defect. For the next 6 months they’d have to go through an open heart surgery in Omaha and countless doctor visits. Pulmonary Atresia is a rare birth defect of the pulmonary valve inside of your heart. The pulmonary valve controls the blood flow from the right ventricle to the main pulmonary artery.