Enzyme Lactase Lab Report

There are many types of enzymes and each has a specific job. Enzymes are particular types of proteins that help to speed up some reactions, such as reactants going to products. One of them is the amylase enzyme. Amylases are found in saliva, and pancreatic secretions of the small intestine. The function of amylase is to break down big molecules of starch into small molecules like glucose; this process is called hydrolysis. Enzymes are very specific; for example, amylase is the only enzyme that will break down starch. It is similar to the theory of the lock

Given the background, we hypothesized that for the first experiment, the lactase will break down lactose in milk and have a similar effect to sucrose. We also predicted that the Milk + Lactase reactant would have more glucose, the Milk + Water reactant would have a little bit of glucose broken down, the Sucrose + Lactase reactant would have less glucose than the Milk + Water reactant, and the Sucrose + Water reactant would have little to no glucose at all. As for the first procedure of the second experiment, we had hypothesized the more basic the solution would become, then the more glucose there would be. Our prediction for the first procedure of the second experiment was that there would be no glucose found in the solutions containing pH 4 and pH 7. For the second procedure of the second experiment, our hypothesis was that glucose would be present in the reactants at 4ºC and 25ºC while the reactant that had been in the hot water bath at 100ºC would have little to no glucose because it would have evaporated. We predicted that for this temperature experiment, the glucose would evaporate at 100ºC and would remain at 4ºC and 25ºC. For the first experiment we had found that a reactant of Milk + Lactase have high levels of glucose, while the other three reactants do not. As for the second experiment, for the first procedure, amounts of glucose were found in

Enzyme = any one of many specialized organic substances, composed of polymers of amino acids, that act as catalysts to regulate the speed of the many chemical reactions involved in the metabolism of living organisms. (Microsoft® Encarta® Encyclopedia '99.)

An enzyme is a substance produced by a living organism that acts as a catalyst to bring about a specific biochemical reaction. They are mainly made up of proteins and can tremendously speed up reactions. E. coli ( a bacterium) has about 1,000 different types of enzymes floating around in its cytoplasm at any given time. Enzymes can be used to join and even break up molecules as shown in the diagram below.

Enzymes are proteins that either speed up a chemical reaction without being used in a process in other words it is also catalyze (Jacklet 1998). They have different regions on its surface called an active site where it can recognize one or more molecules (Jacklet 1998). Enzymes are the main reason for living cells chemical reactions to stay alive (Jacklet 1998). Substrate chemically attracts the active site to bind and form short lived partnership the enzyme substrate complex (Jacklet 1998). When the reaction has occurred the substrate has

They break down the vitamins and nutrients that are ingested. Enzymes are organic compounds that are composed of amino acids. They are also facilitators by helping reactants interact to form products in a chemical reaction. They

It was hypothesized, that if the lactase was extracted from a human cell, the enzyme would have an optimal pH of 6.99, and if lactase was extracted from a bacterial cell, the enzyme would have an optimal pH of 2. These hypothesized optimal pH levels are based off the pH levels of the environment from which the enzymes are most efficient in producing glucose. The optimal pH level is determined by using 7 different pH buffers with a lactase and lactose mixture and testing each solutions glucose production. The hypothesis is supported because the enzymes have an optimal pH that is equal to the environment in which they produce the highest levels of glucose. In the third experiment, the enzyme specificity was tested for maltose and lactose. The prediction was that lactase would have a greater ability to interact with lactose compared to maltose, because lactase is the enzyme specific for the substrate lactose. This is tested by placing lactase in a maltose solution and a lactose solution, and then checking their glucose production results. The hypothesis is supported because the active site of an enzyme has specificity and binds to its specific substrate better than any other substrate. The fourth experiment tested if metal ions have any role in the activity of lactase by testing if EDTA will affect lactase when placed in lactase mediated reaction. If the EDTA is added into the solution of lactose, then it will hinder lactoses enzymatic

Enzymes are a specific kind of protein that usually act to enhance a chemical reaction. Enzymes, like any other protein, are made of amino acids arranged in a specific pattern that in transcribed through mRNA and translated in the nucleus by the ribosomes. The basic amino acid chain is called the primary structure, the chain usually undergoes bonding that results in either an Alpha helix structure or a Beta sheet structure depending on the function of the enzyme and the interactions between the amino acids. Further interaction will result in a 3D conformation which is called a tertiary structure, which are the functioning subunits of an enzyme. As subunits come together to form an enzyme, that is a quaternary structure.

Organisms cannot depend solely on spontaneous reactions for the production of materials because they occur slowly and are not responsive to the organism's needs (Martineau, Dean, et al, Laboratory Manual, 43). In order to speed up the reaction process, cells use enzymes as biological catalysts. Enzymes are able to speed up the reaction through lowering activation energy. Additionally, enzymes facilitate reactions without being consumed (manual,43). Each enzyme acts on a specific molecule or set of molecules referred to as the enzyme's substrate and the results of this reaction are called products (manual 43). As a result, enzymes promote a reaction so that substrates are converted into products on a faster pace (manual 43). Most enzymes are proteins whose structure is determined by its sequence of its amino acids. Enzymes are designed to function the best under physiological conditions of PH and temperature. Any change of these variables that change the conformation of the enzyme will destroy or enhance enzyme activity(manual, 43).

Life on earth would not be possible without enzymes. Enzymes are proteins whose primary function is to act as catalysts in metabolic pathways by binding to specific molecules, called substrates in this context, at their active site. They are defined by two distinctive characteristics, the first being their ability to increase the rate of a reaction without being used up or modified by the reaction

On February 9th, 2016, the class conducted multiple labs to test the enzyme function within yeast to produce CO2. Each group completed a different experiment to test the effects of enzyme function within yeast. The groups did a total of four different types of experiments: changing the temperature, changing the pH, changing substrate concentration and changing the substrates themselves. These experiments would allow the groups to determine ideal conditions for the enzyme function within yeast to produce CO2.

'Various parameters for which contrasting observations have been reported in connection with lactase decline' (3)

Enzymes are small biological molecules that significantly speed up the rate of chemical reactions. Enzymes are a vital element for life and serve a vast amount of important functions inside the body, such as aiding in digestion and metabolism. Some enzymes help break down larger molecules into smaller pieces that can be easily absorbed by the body. Enzymes are highly selective catalysts, which means each enzyme catalyzes only one type of reaction. This occurs because substrates with which an enzyme acts, has a special that compliments the enzymes active site, fitting together like pieces of a puzzle. There are two models in regards to how the enzyme and catalyst fit together, the lock-and-key model and the induced-fit model. In the lock-and-key model, the active site of an enzyme is specifically designed to fit with specific substrates. In the induced-fit model, the active site and substrate don't fit perfectly together but instead, they both can alter their shape in order to connect. PH, Temperature and Concentration affect the rate of enzyme activity. Most enzymes would denature when exposed to extreme acidic or basic PH. As temperature rises molecules will have a greater kinetic

An increased lactate level in blood is used to diagnose a higher risk of morbidity both in emergency and surgical operations [1-3]. Moreover, it is known that an increased lactate level is associated with some pathological conditions such as cardiogenic or endotoxic shocks, respiratory failure, liver disease, systemic disorders, renal failure, and tissue hypoxia [4-8]. The first protocol to measure the lactate concentration in blood was introduced in 1886, and relied on the collection of a large quantity of blood sample (100-200 ml) and labor intensive steps [1]. In addition to these challenges, it required several days to complete the measurement [1]. Since then, intensive effort has been devoted to construct small sized devices with shorter

Enzymes are necessary in biological reactions as they lower activation energies and in turn catalyze the reaction. Enzymes are studied to help understand the composition and chemical properties as to why they work the way they do. However, in order to be studied, enzymes must first be purified. Over the course of the next few weeks, different procedures will be completed in order to purify cellobiase from button mushrooms.