Enzymes Lab Report

The more acidic a substance is the less oxygen it will produce when going through a chemical reaction. During the Lab “How Do Changes in pH Levels Affect Enzymes Activity”, the researcher conducted an experiment to test the effects that an acidic, neutral, and a base substance will have when combine it with hydrogen peroxide. The data table shows that HCL (acidic substance) barley produced any oxygen at all when it was combining with Hydrogen Peroxide. The pH level for HCL was 2.5; this level indicates that the substance was very acidic. When the H2O and NaOH were tested they produced more bubbles than HCL. NaoH produced a little more bubbles than HCL. The pH that NaoH produced was a 9, which is a base. H2O produced more bubbles than both substances;

In the experiment we used Turnip, Hydrogen Peroxide, Distilled Water, and Guaiacol as my substances. On the first activity, Effect of Enzyme concentration of Reaction Rate for low enzyme concentration, we tested three concentrations of the turnip extract, and hydrogen peroxide. For the Turnip Extract I used 0.5 ml, 1.0 ml, and 2.0 ml. For hydrogen peroxide we used 0.1 ml, 0.2 ml, and 0.4 ml. We used a control to see the standard, and used a control for each enzyme concentration used. The control contains turnip extract and the color reagent, Guaiacol. We prepared my substrate tubes separately from the enzyme tubes. My substrate tube

0.0375 mg/ml Porcine Pancreatic Amylase Solution (amylase powder in 0.9% NaCl ), Iodine Solution; each solution were pipetted into each of the 5 test tubes with 5 ml of 1% starch. Each tube contained a 1% starch solution with a different pH. All tubes were at room temperature. Room temperature was 22C. 0.2 ml of porcine pancreatic amylase solution was then pipetted into each tube. A timer was started and every 3minutes the starch / amylase mixture were pipetted from each tube and pipetted into the spot plate for every sample tube, then the iodine solution were added to a spot plate cell for each sample. Iodine reacts with starch to change from yellow to deep blue /black in the presence of starch. A lightening of the blue/ black to a brown color will occur as less starch is present. Results were reported as (+) for presence of starch in the sample or (–) for the absence of starch. After every three minute increment had passed, these same

The human body is an incredible system that is capable of working a multitude of diverse functions. Without the help of the many different protein molecules, the human body would not be able to function properly. One major group of proteins called enzymes are mandatory for essential life. These proteins are constantly at work assembling molecules, metabolizing energy, and fighting off infections. An enzyme is a macromolecule that acts as a catalyst that speeds up a chemical reaction without being consumed by the reaction. Without these proteins, these reactions would take place too slowly to keep us alive. Essential parts in your body like vitamins and minerals cannot do any work without

Enzymes are catalysts that function to speed up reactions; for example, the enzyme sucrose speeds up the hydrolysis of sucrose, which breaks down into glucose and fructose. They speed up reactions but are not consumed by the reaction that is taking place. The most important of the enzyme is the shape as it determines which type of reaction the enzyme speeds up. Enzymes work by passing/lowering and energy barrier and in doing so; they need to bind to substrates via the active. Once they do, the reaction speeds up so much more quickly than it would without the enzyme. Coenzymes and cofactors aid the enzyme when it comes to binding with the substrate. They change the shape of the active site so the substrate can bind properly and perform its function.

Hold the IKI spray bottle 25 - 30 cm away from the paper towel, and mist with the IKI solution.

The optimum pH level would be pH 7. This is because this is where the highest amount of enzyme activity is taking place.

Lactose is a sugar that can be put into smaller molecules, glucose and galactose. Lactose is when you are not able to digest milk and dairy meaning that the enzyme lactase that breaks down lactose is not functioning properly. ONPG was used as a substitute for lactase because even though it is colorless it helps show enzyme activity by turning yellow. This experiment measured the absorbance ONPG when exposed to lactase within an environment of different salinity’s. The enzyme, lactase, was obtained by crushing a lactaid pill and then was added into four cuvettes. ONPG and salt solution of different concentrations were added and their levels of absorption was measured by a spectrophotometer. The results showed that higher salt concentrations have a lower level of absorption. There were 4 cuvettes and within those cuvettes that solutions within them were being tested and the results showed the more salt solution added with the lactase the lower the absorbance. The less salt solution there was a higher rate of absorbance. The data supported the hypothesis that with increasing NaCl concentration there would be a decrease in enzyme activity.

Cells are the building blocks of life. Life itself would not be possible without cells and the actions they carry out. Hundreds of biological and chemical reactions take place in the cell every second. Most of the reactions in a cell use enzymes to speed up the reaction. An enzyme is a protein catalyst used by living organisms to increase the rate of biological reactions (Freeman et. al. 2016, p90). A catalyst brings substrates together in a precise orientation that makes reactions more likely. Enzymes have an “active site,” which is where the reactants bind to the enzyme. The active site is where catalysis occurs. The reactants of the enzyme are called the substrates. Enzymes are extremely effective at catalyzing reactions because

William Fung TA: Gayani Batugedara Bio 1LA, Monday 4-7pm Lab 5 Introduction: Enzymes Question #1: How does the concentration of substrate affect the reaction rate? 1. If the amount of concentration of substrate is increased, the reaction rate will be also be increased.

The Effect of low pH on Enzyme Activity Frank Keith Welsh, BIO 102, Fall semester Today I will be providing an experiment on the effects of pH on enzymes. Enzymes are affected by changes in pH. Exceptionally high or low pH values commonly cause in complete loss of activity for most enzymes. Furthermore to include temperature and pH there are other elements, such as ionic strength, that can shake the enzymatic reaction. To each of these both physical and chemical parameters should be considered and optimized for an enzymatic reaction to be precise.

“Enzymes are proteins that have catalytic functions” [1], “that speed up or slow down reactions”[2], “indispensable to maintenance and activity of life”[1]. They are each very specific, and will only work when a particular substrate fits in their active site. An active site is “a region on the surface of an enzyme where the substrate binds, and where the reaction occurs”[2].

To test enzyme activity, an experiment was conducted in the laboratory. In this experiment, the enzyme Amylase was chosen because it assists disassemble the polysaccharide starch. Starch is the main energy storage in plants. Human cells need the energy of stored in the starch to be introduced in the form of Maltose. Maltose is a simple sugar that can be used to generate the energy needed to power cellular work

This lab report will explain the following: What is an enzyme? How do abiotic or biotic factors influence the rates of enzymatic reactions? Which factors can change the rate of enzyme activity? The relationship between enzyme structure and function. And, finally, which factors that affect enzyme activity could be biologically important? An enzyme speeds up the chemical reaction in a biological system. To do so, the enzyme lowers the activation energy. Activation energy is the energy that is needed for molecules to start reacting with each other. Enzymes form an enzyme-substrate complex which reduces the energy required for that specific reaction to occur. Enzymes have specific shapes/structures that regulate their functions. The active site

How does decreasing the levels of pH by adding Hydrochloric acid affect the Amylase’s ability to break down potato starch solution?