Essay On Neutrophils

* Pneumonia is refers to an infection in the lungs that causes swelling in the lungs tissue and this inflammation

This paper explores Pneumonia and the respiratory disease process associated with bacterial and viral pathogens most commonly located in the lung. The paper examines the process, symptoms and treatments most commonly viewed in patient cases of Pneumonia. My goal is to educate the reader and to warn of the

Emphysema affects the parenchyma of the lung through destruction of the alveolar walls, leading to permanent enlargement of air spaces distal to the

During the process, inflammatory cells are activated. These cells include neutrophils, CD*, T-lymphocytes, macrophages and B-cells. The cells described, releases chemicals and mediators that makes changes to inflammatory cells. The inflammation causes tissue damage and structural changes are noted in the lungs, which limits amount of airflow. The inflammation leads to COPD.

In regards to chronic bronchitis and emphysema, the pathophysiological changes are the “chronic inflammation and small airways, resulting in reduced airflow and gradual destruction of the alveoli.” In patients with chronic bronchitis,

Pneumonia is a disease caused by microorganisms that invade tissue, it inflames the air sacs in your lungs either one or both lungs which may fill with fluid. Pneumonia can be caused by multiple Bactria's such as Lengionella Pneumophila, Mycroplama Pneumoniae and, Chlamydophila Pneumonicles. Pneumonia is also caused by viruses, and various chemicals.

When the involved lungs are examined, one can note that changes occur anatomically and physiologically in pneumonia patients. Vascular enlargement and the formation

Neutrophils, inflammatory cells, may contribute to airway inflammation in asthmatics as a result of the turning on of these inflammatory genes.

pneumoniae and there chemotactic signals and the host cell’s alternate pathway, invade the alveoli. Also red blood cells are recruited to this site. In the third stage, mostly neutrophils are packed into the alveoli and very few bacteria remain. In the final stage, macrophages eliminate the remaining residue from the inflammatory response. As one can see, the damage which is done to the lung is largely a result of the host’s inflammatory response, which causes the build up of fluids in the lungs. If S. pneumoniae is allowed to persist in the lungs it can then invade the blood, which causes bacteremia. When in the blood it can traverse the blood-brain barrier and infect the meninges, which results in meningitis. S. pneumoniae is also associated with diseases in other parts of the respiratory tract including the paranasal sinuses, which is better known as sinusitis, and the middle ear can become infected, which is known as otitis media. It has also been known to cause peritonitis, an inflammation of the peritoneum, the membrane that lines the abdominal wall, and it is also implicated in causing arthritis.

Pneumonia is an illness of the lower respiratory tract in which the lungs become inflamed and congested and alveolar spaces are filled with fluid and cells-polymorphs and lymphocytes (Mandell L.A). It is an inflammatory condition of the lung and it is one of the most serious infections, causing two million deaths annually among the young and elderly. Pneumonia is the largest killer, accounting for 28% to 34% of all child deaths below five years of age in low-income countries and is an important cause of mortality in the elderly in high-income countries (Suárez).

Tuberculosis is commenced in a healthy individual by the inhalation of droplets having M. Tb exhaled by an active pulmonary TB patient through coughing, spitting etc. into the atmosphere. After invasion of droplets to alveoli of lung, complex immune response is triggered which activates resident macrophages i.e., alveolar macrophages (AM) to kill bacilli by phagocytosis and presenting internalized bacilli to the lysosomes. However, some bacilli escape from the destructive environment of the lysosome and multiply in alveolar macrophage. Such infected AMs surrounded by additional macrophages and other immune cells with blood vessels

Though the etiology is uncertain, the underlying pathogenesis involves activation of pulmonary macrophages. These, in turn, recruits mononuclear cells to the pulmonary interstitium leading to the formation of granulomas. Sarcoid granulomas are immune granulomas resulting from a specific cell-mediated immune response to an antigenic agent. Monocytes/macrophages are the first cells to be recruited to the site of a developing granuloma. If the antigenic agent responsible for their recruitment is not totally or slowly degraded, they accumulate and progressively mature into epithelioid cells. Simultaneously, T lymphocytes infiltrate into these cell aggregates which organize into compact granulomas. They are made of epithelioid cells, so called because of their resemblance with epithelial cells in light microscopy, and T lymphocytes.

The clinical manifestations of pneumonia will be different according to the causative organism and the patient’s underlying conditions and/or comorbidities (Smeltzer, et al). Some of the manifestations are

Pneumonia is an inflammation or infection of the lungs most commonly caused by a bacteria or virus. Pneumonia can also be caused by inhaling vomit or other foreign substances. In all cases, the lungs' air sacs fill with pus , mucous, and other liquids and cannot function properly. This means oxygen cannot reach the blood and the cells of the body.

The neutrophils are attracted by fibronectine and growth factors which leads to them performing their role of phagocytosis. Phagocytosis allows the neutrophils to engulf all the debris and bacteria that are in and surround the site therefore getting rid of foreign particles and allow a clean environment for the inflammation to being to happen. As a result of the phagocytosis happening this then leads to macrophages replacing neutrophils which come from immature monocytes which are stored in spleen, they secrete growth factors and cytokines which lead onto the next phase of the healing response which is the proliferation phase (Frederic H. Martni, Judi L. Natch, Edwin F. Bartholomew, 2014).