Essay On Stemem Borers

Heavy feeding by the whitefly causes the death of numerous plants, or degradation in growth of older plants, because of the loss of sap. “When adult and immature whiteflies feed, they excrete honeydew, a sticky excretory waste that is composed largely of plant sugars. The honeydew can stick cotton lint together, making it more difficult to gin and therefore reducing its value. Sooty mold grows on honeydew-covered substrates, obscuring the leaf and reducing photosynthesis, and reducing fruit quality grade” (USDA 2016). By noticing the harmful effects that the whitefly has on the environment, many actions are being made to prevent the spread of further

Genetically modified crops are being developed to produce their own pesticide. This will bring the rapid appearance of resistant insects. Even worse, these pesticide producing plants have killed some beneficial insects and pests that many farmers use in their crops. For example, inserting a gene from a snowdrop, a perennial herb found in Europe and Asia into a potato, made the potato resistant to the green fly, but killed lady bugs that feed on green flies.

types of insects that are crop eaters. Especially in africa there are insects that eat all sort of crops

CropLife America, a chemical association, argue, “chemicals like chlorpyrifos aren’t really so harmful” (Lappe). In addition, if there wasn’t any pesticides then how would there be control unwanted insects that spread other diseases. Pruitt, the Environmental Protection Agency

It has allowed farmers to reduce the use of insecticides, which benefits the environment as well as their own personal health, by not having to apply as many chemicals to the plants. The effectiveness of insecticides was decreasing due to the fact that the European corn borers were still forming tunnels in the stalk, making this chemical useless and lowering crop yields. Farmers are now seeing an economic increase in profits, as they do not have to spend as much money on insecticides. There has been a major decrease in use of insecticide of about 35% from 1996-2008 (R. Hellmich and K. Hellmich). The reduced use of insecticide has also improved grain quality and the percent yield per crop. Another benefit is that mold, specifically Aspergillus and Fusarium, was unable to form due to the lack of insect damage (Suszkiw). This poses as a benefit to consumers as well, because these fungi no longer produce mycotoxins, which poisoned crops, decreased production, and were linked to cancer and organ damage in humans (Huesing and English). Fumonisin, a kind of mycotoxin, levels are now 90 times lower in Bt corn (Huesing and English). With the decrease in mycotoxin, farmers annually save over 23 million dollars (R. Hellmich and K. Hellmich). Farmers have also benefited from a decrease in labor costs due to less chemical spraying and land tillage. Bt corn has allowed farmers to have higher growing

Pests are also a major concern for hop farmers throughout history. The most dominant pest in the hop community is the two spotted spider mite. This pest can be found throughout the world and can considerably reduce crop output (Turner et al, 2011). “These mites thrive under hot, dry, and dusty conditions, and they produce webbing, which helps to protect them from predators, as well as chemical sprays” (Turner et al, 2011). This makes them extremely hard to kill and a constant burden on crop farmers. Another primary insect hop producers have to watch out for is the aphid. Like the two spotted spider mite, the aphid can greatly reduce quality and yield. They have a tendency of feeding on “hop cones late in the season, which increases the presence

There are many natural thing damaging our crops a few examples are tillage which is exposing the soil, erosion which is removing minerals. America can prevent this by using less- tillage techniques to reduce erosion ("Crop Farming." Funk & Wagnalls New World Encyclopedia, ) Crops face many problems one of them being bugs. Farmers find it fairly easy to use chemicals to kill these bugs but these chemicals can have damaging effects. Such as

Pests can cause misery to an otherwise peaceful home or office. They invade playgrounds, warehouses, and cars too. If not detected and checked in time, they can leave destruction in their wake. Besides, some of these pests sting leaving their victims with much pain. On the other hand, pests are a nuisance to people with allergies.

Louda SM (1999) Insect Limitation of weedy plants and its ecological implications. In: Traynor PL, Westwood J H (eds) Proceedings of a workshop on: ecological effects of pest resistance genes in managed ecosystems. Information Systems for Biotechnology. Blacksburg, Virginia, pp 43–48,

In the 90s scientists worked and created a new type of insecticide (Shetlar, 2008, p.78). At first they had the names chloro and thianicotinyls but, eventually those names were changed. When the new improved products were placed on the market for use, the results had varied and issues had arisen. The new pesticides/insecticides did not have a great affect in killing the insects and were causing different problems.

The Indian meal moth, Plodia interpunctella (Hubner) is one of the most commonly reported pests of stored grains in the United States. In Pennsylvania it is not a major problem, but can be troublesome occasionally. Larvae of the Indian meal moth feed upon grains, grain products, dried fruits, nuts, cereals, and a variety of processed food products. The Indian meal moth is also a common pantry pest.

Along with the possibility of GMO crops spreading and taking over other strains of the crop GMO 's can also affect different species of insects in the area potentially destroying the

There are several essential factors that contribute to the quality of life society enjoys today. One of these factors is the ability to produce crops such as corn, soybeans, wheat, cotton, and several others. On occasion these crops experience stressors. These stressors can be from abiotic or biotic factors. Biotic stressors mainly include insect herbivores, whereas abiotic stressor mainly include temperature and water or lack thereof. It is vital to understand how crop react to these stressor in order to predict and possibly contradict the effect on the crops. When dealing with insect herbivores the outcome can be devastating. Insects can destroy large amounts of crops. To prevent insects from destroying crop, insecticides are used as well as transgenic crops are used. Abiotic factors such as drought can be more difficult. The total amount of semi-arid land on earth is one-third, and the rest of the land experiences unexpected drought occasionally (Fang and Xiong, 2015). This means that nearly all the crops in the world are at risk of experiencing some kind of water shortage. Due to these abiotic and biotic stressors, and extensive amount of research has been conducted and is still being conducted to minimize the negative effects. In the following sections will be an overview of the abiotic and biotic factors along with the crops response to each, as well as the genetic mechanisms studied to improve a crops ability to cope with these stressors.

With an increase in temperature, hibernation may be suspended earlier than usual, thereby initiating early pest activity. The paddy stem borer becomes active in May or June with the availability of plants in rice nurseries. However, with the introduction of rice planting in April month in Punjab and Haryana, which is prevalent today, and with an increase in temperature, we may expect higher populations of pests. Similarly, the onset of hibernation may also be delayed with

This paper will provide the advantages and disadvantages of different facets that fall within the PEST analysis: political, economical, social, and technological aspects of India.