Evaluation Of A Research Study On Diabetes Incidence And Establishing Causal Relationship From Exposure Essay

Several nationwide programs and incentives were administered in the last couple of decades to promote awareness of diabetes and hopefully help prevent millions of Americans from developing diabetes. Health Agencies, such as World Health Organization (WHO) and Center of Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), have developed objectives to tackle diabetes. Some of these objectives include conducting surveillance and obtaining diabetes data to identify trends in the population, spreading awareness about the condition, and developing programs that will enhance diabetes care and ensure the longevity of the patients. Various programs have been developed but while some excel, others fail to benefit the lives of the patient.

Although heredity plays an important role whether a person inherits diabetes and to what extent, it can be controlled through useful methods that are affordable. By changing environmental risk factors, people can reduce their risk of developing diabetes. Increasing awareness of diabetes which is a major setback for some socio-economical background and rural areas as not enough awareness is made to the general public. Identifying people at risk for the disease is also another

This essay will focus on type 2 diabetes, which is becoming one of the fast growing chronic health conditions in the United Kingdom (UK). Approximately 700 people are diagnosed with type 2 diabetes each day in the UK (Diabetes Uk, (2014)a). It is costing the NHS about £10billion pounds each year to treat diabetes along with its complication and it is expected to rise in the next couple of years (Diabetes UK, (2014)b).

Self-reported data are collected through questionnaires, interviews, or telephone surveys rather than clinical examinations and biometrical analyses. The advantages of using questionnaire in epidemiological studies are low cost and relatively high efficiency in data collection. Self-reported diagnosis of diabetes has been found to be a valid tool to evaluate people’s diabetes status in recent studies

The study had an overall total of 1150 participants. Although there were many participants to begin with, they did not provide all of the feedback the researchers had requested.  This resulted in the expulsion of their participation, so their results were not included in the final reports of the study. The number of patients that did provide the essential information added up to a total of 901. The profile for a participant was a patients diagnosed with Type 2 diabetes in the last 6 months, but has been diagnosed no more than 10 years ago. They had to be between 35-70 years of age. Their BMI had to be more or less than 24 kg/m2 and have an HbA1c more or less than 6.5%. They also had to have treatment with a diet or oral glucose lowering medication. Those needing insulin shots, had been diagnosed with chronic diseases, or had a change in diet or lifestyle 3 months prior to the study were not included in the overall

Type II diabetes is a disease that affects millions of people in the United States and is also a disease that is continually growing in numbers. The cost of the individual and national health care systems is also a number that is growing. Policy for prevention of diabetes and pre-diabetes is something that while has changed some in the past, has been basically the same for the past 20-25 yeas. This disease affects many throughout the country, but effects those in the middle and lower classes due to the cost of eating healthier being greater than the alternative and also due to the fact that these groups are less likely to go for routine health care.

2. What data and method does the author use to evaluate this intervention? Why was that data and method used?

Interested participants were issue a questionnaire for completion and following a six Week intervention, each participant patients

In summation, diabetes is a constant battle with no end. In this current time, diabetes can only be treated but cannot be cured. Diabetes is not a simple disease as there are two types. The two type of diabetes are type 1 and type 2. They both affect two different age groups in the population. Type 1 affects the adolescence and type 2 affects adults in their late years. As with many diseases, the understanding of diabetes is continuous but many factors are known as how diabetes occurs in the body. With such understanding, diagnosis of diabetes is able to be done properly and the right type of diabetes is also established. By way of diagnosis, the right treatment can be

The second assessment that another volunteer completed was the Outcome Questionnaire-45.2 (OQ-45.2). The authors of this assessment are, Michael L. Lambert, Jared J. Morton, Derick Hatfield, Cory Harmon, Stacy Hamilton, Rory C. Reid, Kenichi Shimokawa, Cody Christopherson, and Gary M. Burlingame. However, is important to mention that the main researcher for the OQ-45.2 for almost two decades is Dr. Michael Lambert. The publisher of the OQ-45.2 is the American Professional Credentialing Services, L.L.C and the original date of publication was 1994. However, the OQ-45.2 second edition was published on1996 and the third edition was published in 2004. The third edition was revised in January 2004, which is the one that the volunteer fill out for the purpose of this

This is a diabetes case study of Mr. Charles D., a 45-year old male who is experiencing classic symptoms of hyperglycaemia. Recently divorced and living alone in a new home, Charles has complained of recent weight loss, excessive thirst, and frequent urination. He is a busy CEO for a major technological company. This case study for Charles will educate him as to what are the causes of diabetes: explain the presenting signs and symptoms emphasize the psycho-social impact to his amended life, and instruct him in the economic impact that he and millions share.

According to a study provided in USNews, there are regional issues when it comes to the rates of type-2 diabetes within the United States today (Seppa, 2011). The "diabetes belt" that can clearly be seen in the Southeast part of the country is one of these regional issues. Southern people, on average, tend to have a higher incidence of diabetes than people in other areas of the country. With that in mind, it is important to realize that there are various reasons why that is the case. It is not just one factor causing the problems, and it is not just the Southeast where diabetes is seen. There are other areas of the country where pockets of diabetes are seen, so no specific place or region of the country is immune to problems with diabetes. The following map shows the basic breakdown of diabetes across the country for the latest year where statistics on the issue are available (Seppa, 2011).

Observational epidemiology is a study of disease where “the investigator ascertains exposure and outcome without assignment to an intervention” Observational studies have made important contributions to the knowledge and understanding of health-related conditions. These studies usually involve a large group of individuals as in a community. The purpose of this type of study is to determine the

An objective of the analysis of prospective cohort study data is to compare disease occurrence in the group to the exposure factors. Disease occurrence is measured using cumulative incidence or incidence rates, and the relationship between exposure and disease occurrence is quantified by the cumulative incidence or incidence rate difference and ratio. Calculating an incidence rate involves determining the amount of person-time accrued by each study subject. Relative risks of each of the variables that are evaluated in the study are calculated. In addition, a Cox proportional hazard models is used to analyzed the relationship between environmental and genetic factors and type 1 diabetes mellitus. Persons-years were calculated for all the individuals from the beginning of the prospective cohort study until the end of the study or end due to loss to follow-up. The reasoning for utilizing the Cox proportional hazards models is because the study has continuous and multiple covariates. Each of the factors need to be evaluate and compare in order to establish whether there is a relationship between environmental factors and the manifestation of type 1 diabetes mellitus.

One limitation of the study is its design. Because the study is correlational in nature, cause and effect relationships cannot be established. The study also did not take into account the social support of the patients and their