UROP Application Spring 2016
Christopher Jones
Mentor: Trafton Drew
Department of Psychology Statement of the Problem/Topic of the Research or Creative Work Visual Search is important in our everyday lives, and search relies on cues from the environment and uses object similarity to guide search. While much research has been done to see how visual similarity between objects affects visual search (Duncan and Humphreys 1989), very little research has been done to see how different types of similarity between objects compare in their effects on visual search. Specifically the proposed project would investigate how semantic similarity and visual similarity influence visual search using real world objects. The usage of real world objects is important because many laboratory visual search tasks are not reflective of visual search in a real world setting. Neural measures gathered from EEG (Electroencephalogram) data in the form of ERP (Event-Related Potential) components can be used to measure onset of attentional processing, as well as how distracting certain objects may or may not be. Specifically the N2PC reflects a shift in attention to a visual target. Using this ERP component, the neural differences between visual and semantic similarity in objects can be evaluated and compared between participants. While research shows there is a behavioral effect between visual and semantic similarity among distractors in visual search (De Groot, Huettig, and Olivers 2016),
There are differences between Licensed Professional Counselor and Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist. Testing is a large factor in accurately assessing the full scope of the assistance a client may new. Depending on the needs of the client the Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist (LMFT) could be a better fit. In considering the tests that exist, one sample population LMFT’s are likely to work with are children. Development is always a major factor in children with intellectual or behavior issues. One test that is dynamic to this factor is the Profile of Creative Capabilities (PCA).
The Stroop effect is demonstrated by the reaction time to determine a color when the color is printed in a different color’s name. Participants respond slower or make more errors when the meaning of the word is incongruent with the color of the word. Despite knowing the meaning of the word, participants showed incapability of ignoring the stimulus attribute. This reflects a clear instance of semantic interference and an unfathomed failure of selective attention (Stroop, 1935).
Cognition is the way people take in information and combine it while intelligence is the way people take in
The fact that we link things that are similar and treat them like a group is the Law of Similarity. We tend to group similar shapes together and often times, we try to attach some type of meaning to them. Grouping can happen both visually and auditory.
Abrupt appearance of an object within peripheral visual fields are sudden onset distractors (SOD) and they can have effects on attention and reaction times. Attentional capture occurs when a distractor stimulus appears in a field of vision and pulls focus away from the task at hand. This has the effect of increasing reaction times as it diverts a subject’s attention while the brain registers and processes the new information. When the brain is focussed upon a specific task the distractor captures attention and thus can increase reaction time through this visual processing mechanism. This demonstrates automaticity, a reflex which is both not inhibited by increasing cognitive load (load-insensitivity criterion) and not voluntarily controlled (intentionality criterion). The attentional
Powell (1986) conducted a study in which individuals viewed a photo or slide. Individuals were required to scan images and decide on an image for the entire display (Powell, 1986). Objects were pointed to, and subjects were asked to identify its location (Powell, 1986). The subject was asked to close his or her eyes and were shown another image. The subjects were to decide if the object was in the correct position (Powell, 1986). The subjects would hear one of the objects and was required to focus on the object while keeping the entire image in his or her mind (Powell, 1986). When the next object was identified, the subjects were to move from the first object to the second watching a black dot moving in a straight line (Powell, 1986).
The study used statistical data that was significant to the accuracy of the results. Collecting data at different ages and conditions improved the accuracy of the information. The BSID and Chi squared test measures used to determine the norms of preterm infants were appropriate. The study provided data on mortality rates and handicaps of the children in the study.
Stop, hold on for a second. I might not be the person you are looking for but the one You actually need. Multidisciplinary studies graduate, witty self starter with strong work ethics, highly teachable and independent. Creative introvert who enjoys presence of other people (well, most of the time).
Early studies have widely researched attention with selective processing (Driver, 2001). Broadbent (1958) filter theory of attention states that certain information does not require focal attention. It is based on certain stimulus attributes such as colour and shape (Friedenberg, 2012). A previous study carried out by Treisman and Schmidt (1982) proposes that when attention is diverted from a display of several figures, the participants incorrectly combine the features of colour and shape therefore increases the illusory conjunctions portrayed by the participants (Tsal, 1989). Another study by Shaw (1978) found that reaction time of participant to identify targets varied with the probability that a target would appear in a particular display location. These results indicate that different amounts of attention towards the targets are distributed to different positions in the visual field. However, Houck and Hoffman (1986) found that the feature integration of colour and orientation can sometimes be accomplished without attention (James et al.,
ERD has been observed during cognitive and attentional tasks (Dujardin et al., 1993). ERD is expected to be useful in clinical practice as an index reflecting abnormal cognitive functions specific to neurological and psychiatric
The article by Avital-Cohen and Tsal (2016) discussed the flanker task experiment, which asserted that distractor interference happens unconsciously as a result of focused attention toward the target. The results from the original flanker task indicated that participants had slower responses for incongruent trials, since the distractors are inconsistent with the target and would require a different response (Avital-Cohen & Tsal, 2016). However, Avital-Cohen and Tsal (2016) questioned the findings from the flanker task experiment. They decided to challenge the idea that only the target stimuli receives top-down processing, and not the distractors (Avital-Cohen & Tsal, 2016). The first experiment aimed to test whether the distractor interference is purely bottom-up processing as claimed in the flanker task. The experiment manipulated participants’ expectations of the target using the context effect - a type of top-down processing - by changing the distractors to be either letters or digits (Psych 240 lecture, 9/21/16). Then, the researchers conducted a second experiment and eliminated the ambiguity of distractors. They wanted to test whether the result from experiment 1 was caused by an overall bias or the ambiguous distractors. In experiment 2, the researchers predicted that they would obtain similar results to the first experiment only if the results were due to an overall bias effect (Avital-Cohen & Tsal, 2016). This study allows us to deepen our understanding of available
The term creativity is used for the purpose of describing the ability that is concerned with the process of creating something new or valuable. This ability allows a person to surpass the rules, practices, methods, forms or similar kind of activities that the traditional society may be performing at that time. Creativity is one of the most important things that have allowed the people of the society to move forward and urge for development. All the development that has been made in various aspects of human life can be directly connected with the creativity. All the industry leaders of the world have secured this place because of the level of creativity and innovation that they showed. They used this creativity for creating something new that has allowed them to develop completely new methods for this purpose.
Change, creativity and innovation are essential elements for survival and growth of an organization. Creativity is vital for the birth of fresh and beneficial ideas. Creative thinking allows groups and individuals to solve problems or stimulate to think differently in order to bring forth fruitful ideas. The above mentioned creative thinking enabled our team of six different personalities to come together and implement a plan to solve a complex problem in a hospital. Our assigned task was to recommend a plan in order to alleviate hospital readmission among elderly population within thirty days of discharge. In this paper the author is narrating the team dynamics, functionalities and personal competencies in the process of recommending a change in the system. As a member in the innovation leadership team the author is also reflecting on the assessment, capacity for innovation in the organization which is the hospital where the team is assigned.
Modern technological advancements in automated data production have produced a large increase in the scale and resolution of data sets. In a statistical context, more information generates more hypothesis tests and opens new dimensions to discover the targeted questions. However, many of the tests are redundant and, hence, reduce the efficiency of the analysis. One potential solution to this problem is using external information to prioritize the hypothesis tests most likely to yield true positive effects. One means of doing so is p-value weighting. Many statistical methods have been proposed to up-weight and down-weight the p-value in a multiple hypotheses setting. None of them are satisfactory, which necessitate extensive research in this area. My methodological and theoretical research as well as a considerable portion of my applied work addresses this issue with regard to high throughput and big data. An innovative contribution of my work is the establishment of a new perspective on the analysis of high throughput data for which relative effect sizes are very low and the true effect is hard to detect with the usual statistical analysis, although external sources of information suggests otherwise. We proposed a method referred to as “Novel Optimal P-value weighting for High Throughput Data”. Many studies have that suggested diverse methodologies regarding the p-value weighting. Even though, theoretically, these approaches propose
The research design used in this study was correlational. The correlational design allows the determination of existence or degree of relationship between two variables. In this study gender was used as the nominal independent variable and hours spent in in Pinterest weekly was the dependent variable. The correlational research method was chosen because it allows relevant evidence to be collected and the data collected is directly related to the research question. This type of study manages variations, identifies relationships between variables, and produces answer to the research question. The purpose of the research had to reflect on the research design in order to reveal whether or not there was a statistical significance, in this case