Explain The Three Major Layers In The Brain

The limbic system (or Paleomammalian brain) is a set of brain structures including the hippocampus, amygdala, anterior thalamic nuclei, and limbic cortex, which support a variety of functions including emotion, behavior, long term memory, and olfaction.[1] The term "limbic" comes from Latin limbus, loosely translating as "border" or "belt".

The five major divisions of the brain are the telencephalon, the diencephalon, the mesencephalon, the metencephalon, and the myelencephalon. The telencephalon includes the cortex, basal ganglia, and the limbic system which are responsible for performing complex cognitive processing, voluntary movement, and in emotion and learning. The diencephalon is composed of the thalamus and hypothalamus and these are responsible for all incoming sensory information to go to the appropriate regions of the cortex for further processing and the hypothalamus is responsible in regulating several vital functions by controlling the release of hormones from the pituitary gland. The mesencephalon includes the tectum, which is composed of the inferior colliculi, and the superior colliculi and these structures are involved with auditory and visual functions. The metencephalon consists of the pons and the cerebellum and their main function is sensorimotor

The thermoregulatory centre is the part of the brain that monitors and controls body temperature. The pancreas meanwhile monitors and controls blood glucose concentration. It produces a hormone called insulin that reduces blood glucose levels.( Diabetes is a disease which can be caused by insufficient insulin.)

Brain structure that produces hormones that control body temperature, hunger, moods, and sex drive is the hypothalamus.

The brain stem or the medulla is the closest to the spinal cord. The brainstem is responsible for most of the human bodily functions. The brain stem is critical for human survival and normal human functions. The brain stem is also responsible for information of pain and touch from the head and neck; it is also responsible for the inputs from the face and the mouth. Reticular formation is a group of neurons, nuclei, that are important for sleep and wakefulness. In reticular formation there is nuclei that are a major source of neurotransmitter serotonin. Serotonin is important for regulating mood and activities.

Through my research, I’ve learned that in terms of depression, there are three major parts of the brain that play a significant role in the illness: the amygdala, the hypothalamus, and the hippocampus. The limbic system, as a whole, and other parts of the brain are also involved when dealing with depression. However, the amygdala, hypothalamus, and hippocampus are three parts that show up most commonly when researching the effects of depression on the brain. The amygdala – like the other effected parts of the brain – is part of the limbic system, which is a set of structures in the brain that controls actions and emotions that ensure survival. The amygdala is primarily associated with emotions like anger, fear, pleasure, sorrow, and sexual arousal. Activity in the amygdala is higher when sad or depressed. The hypothalamus acts to regulate things like body temperature, appetite, sleep, sex drive, stress reaction, aggressive behavior, reactions to pain, and it helps control the pituitary gland – which regulates hormone control. When dealing with depression, the hypothalamus is prone to hyperactivity. Finally, the hippocampus’ role in the brain is to make short term memories into long term memories. It also plays an important role in spatial navigation. In depressed people, the hippocampus is generally smaller than those not suffering from depression. Brain activity, as a whole, is generally lower in people suffering from the

The Hypothalamus receives input form the body and the brain and then sends its influence to the out to the entire body, affecting and regulating things such as body functions, body rhythms, and behavior motivations.

The limbic and olfactory systems (the amygdala, the hippocampus, and the olfactory cortex) help control eating and reproduction through the hypothalamus. The thermoreceptors and the osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus are receptors that help monitor temperature and ionic balance. The hypothalamus can control every endocrine gland in the body. The hypothalamus can alter blood pressure, body temperature, metabolism, and adrenaline levels. There are two outputs that the hypothalamus uses when it becomes aware of a problem. One of the outputs it uses is sending neural signals to the autonomic system. The hypothalamus sends signals to the medulla, where the parasympathetic vagal nuclei and cell groups that descend to the spinal cord are located, which help drive the autonomic system. When the hypothalamus gains admittance to these systems, it is able to control functions such as digestion, heart rate, sweating, and vasoconstriction (when blood vessels narrow, and consequently reduce the flow of blood or create high blood pressure). The other input the hypothalamus uses is sending endocrine signals, chemical signals sent through the blood stream, to the pituitary. Large cells from the hypothalamus send axons to the posterior pituitary, which in turn releases oxytocin and vasopressin into the bloodstream. More axons are also sent by smaller cells to the base of the pituitary. There the axons discharge releasing factors into the pituitary's capillary system. This

The central nervous system is mainly the brain and spinal cord. These two have a very specific protective covering to build up by other soft tissues. The brain is dividing into forebrain, mid brain, and the hind brain. Most of the functional mapping for the muscular movements and the sensory approach, as well as the executive functions, is delivering throughout the fore brain into the discrete regions. The mid brain creates a part of the brainstem, which is basic keeping that person alive. The hind brain is involved in the formation of the head which is necessary to maintaining balance of the body. The spinal cord is a barred shaped of the nerve that connects to the brain. The spinal cord nerves transmit information from the body organs and

The diencephalon encloses the third ventricle and is located in the forebrain. The major subdivisions that make up this structure are the thalamus, hypothalamus and the epithalamus. The thalamus is important in which it serves as a sensory and motor station within the brain. It receives sensory information and relays it to the cerebral cortex for interpretation. The thalamus also functions to regulate sleep patterns and control human consciousness and wakefulness. The thalamic nuclei have connections with the cerebral cortex in which they work together to fulfill the role of alertness. The hypothalamus is associated with the autonomic nervous system as well as the endocrine system. In the autonomic system, it serves as an involuntary system

Another thing that makes up the limbic system is Hypothalamus. Hypothalamus is a small part on the brain. It’s located under the thalamus. It is interconnected with the nervous system. It receives many things from the brain stem. It’s shaped like an almond in a human. It also produces neurohypophysial hormones, oxytocin, and vasopressin. This is also is a change in emotion and behavior. There are two nerve cells in the hypothalamus that make hormones. These types are directly admitted into the bloodstream. If this was damaged it would spread throughout the body. The effects of this would be difference in body temperature. Also glucose levels would changed to. There are also signs that your hypothalamus. Some of these signs are bleeding,infections,swelling,and

The brainstem, midbrain, and hindbrain is located in the southern part of the brain and houses the oldest structures in terms of how the brain grew through human evolution. It is the gateway to the rest of the brain, all information passes through the brainstem. The brainstem is comprised of the cerebellum, thalamus, pons, midbrain, and the medulla oblongata. To start with the functions on the brain, the spinal cord is a bundle of closely bound nerves that connect throughout the body and form the central nervous system. It connects to the medulla oblongata, its purpose is to control involuntary functions such as breathing and heartbeat. Then the medulla connects to the pons which controls sleep, breathing, swallowing, bladder control, hearing,

and heat message to the brain. The brain sends message through the spinal cord and nervous of the peripheral nervous system to control the movement of the muscle and the function of internal organ .The function of the brain to extent level of centralized of the body. The brain acts on the rest of the body generating patterns of muscle activity and dividing the secreat of chemical called hormones. This centralized control allows rapid and coordinated response to change environment . Cerebrum Cerebrum is a largest part of the brain containing the cerebral cortex of the two cerebral hemisphere called Lobes. The frontal lobe,parietal lobe, Occipital lobe and Temporal lobe as well as several sub cortical structure including the Hippocampus ,Basal ganglia and Olfactory bulb. Cerebrum is a large ,folded mass of nervous tissue that makes up the majority of the human brain. Each cerebral hemisphere is farther subdivided in to 4 lobes that are identify for the covering bones of the cranium. Frontal lobe is most anterior region of the cerebrum that extends posterior to the central sulcus

in the brain, it is responsible for controlling homeostatic systems such as thirst and body

You live and you learn, from the moment that we breathe our first breath, we are assimilating and are acquiring information. Life changing and profound learning experiences happen before we can even speak, as children our learning process is grandiose. Harvard University published a series of summaries on Child development. One of these articles mentions that “The basic architecture of the brain is constructed through an ongoing process that begins before birth and continues into adulthood.” ("InBrief: The Science of Early Childhood Development," n.d.).