Essay about GRT1 Task 4

In contrast, there are four metabolic stages happened in cellular respiration, which are the glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and the oxidative phosphorylation. Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm, in which catabolism is begun by breaking down glucose into two molecules of pyruvate. Two molecules of ATP are produced too. Some of they either enter the citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle) or the electron transport chain, or go into lactic acid cycle if there is not enough oxygen, which produces lactic acid. The citric acid cycle occurs in the mitochondrial matrix, which completes the breakdown of glucose by oxidizing a derivative of pyruvate into carbon dioxide. The citric acid cycle produced some more ATPs and other molecules called NADPH and FADPH. After this, electrons are passed to the electron transport chain through

Enzymes are types of proteins that work as a substance to help speed up a chemical reaction (Madar & Windelspecht, 104). There are three factors that help enzyme activity increase in speed. The three factors that speed up the activity of enzymes are concentration, an increase in temperature, and a preferred pH environment. Whether or not the reaction continues to move forward is not up to the enzyme, instead the reaction is dependent on a reaction’s free energy. These enzymatic reactions have reactants referred to as substrates. Enzymes do much more than create substrates; enzymes actually work with the substrate in a reaction (Madar &Windelspecht, 106). For reactions in a cell it is

• If the entire Cori cycle occurred and remained within that single cell, it would be considered a pointless/useless sequence; with glucose being spent and reproduced at the cost of ATP and GTP hydrolysis.

Enzymes are a key aspect in our everyday life and are a key to sustaining life. They are biological catalysts that help speed up the rate of reactions. They do this by lowering the activation energy of chemical reactions (Biology Department, 2011).

The overall process of glycolysis is so fast that cells can produce thousands of ATP molecules in just a few milliseconds.

Anaerobic is the main training for athletes in strength and endurance sports. The ATP-PC (adenosine triphosphate phosphocreatine) and the lactic acid systems are the two main energy chains comprised for these events.

Enzyme, a protein that catalyses a specific reaction. ‘Living cells contain thousands of different enzymes’ (Elliott, p.214), each of which catalyses (that is, accelerates without itself being changed) just one kind of reaction. In some of these reactions, small organic molecules such as amino acids, sugars, nucleotides, and lipids are broken down to provide energy for the cell. In other reactions, small molecules are built into complex macromolecules, such as proteins, DNA, RNA, and polysaccharides, or used to carry signals, or to control cell movements or gene expression. Enzyme-catalysed

There are thousands of chemical reactions that occur in an organism that make life possible. Most of these chemical reactions occur too slowly on their own. Enzymes are protein catalysts that speed up chemical reactions in a cell. Catalysts are not changed by the reactions they control, and are not used up during the reaction. Enzymes therefore, can be used over and over again. Enzymes are large complex proteins made by the cell and allow chemical reactions to take place at the temperature of the cell. These catalysts are needed in only very small amounts because a single enzyme molecule can complete the same reaction thousands of times in one minute.

Enzymes are proteins created by cells within the body. They function as organic catalysts and work to speed up chemical reactions to a biologically specific rate. They are used to break down or build substances produced within the body. One toxic substance known as hydrogen peroxide is created in the body and needs to be broken down in time into water and oxygen before it becomes dangerous to health. If not broken down in time, it can reduce the amount of fibroblasts, cells that are necessary to repair damaged tissue or even cause death (“Hazardous Substance Fact Sheet"). A common enzyme found in calf liver, as well as nearly all other living organisms, known as catalase works to break it down, but it, like all other enzymes,

If Cori cycle occurs and remains within a single cell, a resulting futile cycle would occur. Therefore, a lot of glucose would be taken up by the cell in addition to being resynthesized at the cost of Guanosine triphosphate, GTP and Adhenosine triphosphate, ATP hydrolysis. The net loss of the amount of ATP during the futile cycle is 4. Moreover, glycolysis produces two ATP molecules which are lower than the six ATP molecules consumed in gluconeogenesis. Each cycle requires a net consumption of four ATP molecules, which is indefinitely unsustainable. Due to the intensive consumption of ATP molecules, the Cori cycle shifts the metabolic burden from the muscles to the liver.

Enzymes are proteins that speed up the rate of a chemical reaction. Almost every chemical reaction in our body requires the use of enzymes. Enzymes work by speeding up the rate of a chemical reaction known as catalysis. Enzymes bind with substrates reducing the activation energy, so the chemical reaction can perform easily.

Most enzymes are proteins that act to accelerate the rate of chemical reactions. Enzymes are amongst the largest and most highly specialized types of proteins (Cooper, 2000). They are commonly referred to as biological catalysts because they catalyze reactions that are essential for life. Enzymes allow life on earth to happen. Without enzymes, some reactions would take far too long and would not allow life to prosper. For example, a reaction that, by itself, takes years to occur, with an enzyme, can happen in a matter of seconds (Cooper, 2000). The way enzymes speed up the rate of chemical reactions is by lowering the activation energy of the reaction. The activation energy is the minimum amount of energy required for a chemical reaction to

Enzymes are proteins that function as biological catalysts. They increase the rate of reaction by providing an alternate pathway of lower activation energy. The rate of an enzyme-catalysed reaction is governed by multiple factors such as the temperature of the solution and concentration of the substrate.

Mitochondrial respiration (aerobic metabolism) occurs in the mitochondria of the cells when the oxygen supply is sufficient to meet the oxygen demands (Smith, 2002).

If the Cori Cycle occurred and then remained in a single cell, no useful metabolic work would be complete. The reason for this is that “if the Interconversions of the Cori Cycle were to take a place within a single cell it would constitute a “futile cycle” with glucose being consumed and resynthesized at the expense of the ATP and GTP hydrolysis.” (Campbell & Farrell, 2008) If this were to happen the cycle would essentially be running in opposite directions, having no affect and wasting energy. Having both the glycolysis portion and the gluconeogenesis portion going at the same time, will result in glucose being converted in to pyruvate by glycolysis and then converted back to glucose by gluconeogenesis, all this will cause a use of ATP, not making. The cycle needs to take place in order to produce ATP, an energy source for the body especially during muscle activity.