Chapter 3
1. What is the relationship among property right, corruption, and economic progress? How important are anticorruption efforts in the efforts to improve a country’s level of economic development? Corruption can reduce growth but also how it can increase growth, for example, by avoiding bureaucratic delays. The results of cross-country empirical literature on the effect of corruption on growth are mixed. Since corruption is an incendiary topic that elicits much anger, it is also important to exercise caution and to pursue rational anti-corruption policies. The issue of data collection and accurate detection of corruption is vital again in this case, since sanctioning an entire group of people for corruption when only a subgroup
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The economic system that developed in India after 1947 was a mixed economy characterized by a large number of state-owned enterprises, centralized planning, and subsidies. In 1991, India’s government embarked on an ambitious economic reform program. Much of the industrial licensing system was dismantled, and several areas once closed to the private sector were opened. In addition, investment by foreign companies was welcomed, and plans to start privatizing state-owned businesses were announced. India has posted impressive gains since 1991, however there are still impediments to further transformation. Attempts to reduce import tariffs have been stalled by political opposition from employers, employees, and politicians. Moreover, the privatization program has been slowed thanks to actions taken by the Supreme Court. Finally, extreme poverty continues to plague the country
B. How might widespread public ownership of businesses and extensive government regulations have affected (i) the efficacy of state and businesses, and (ii) the rate of new business formation in India during the 1947-1990 time frame? How do you think these factors affected the rate of economic growth in India during this time frame?
The mixed economy that developed in India after 1947 was characterized by a large number of state-owned enterprises, centralized planning, and subsidies. This system not only constrained the growth of the private sector, but it also
India has a highly dynamic and entrepreneurial business environment (Ford, 2011). The freedom of democracy in India supports the country’s private enterprise greatly. India’s characteristics of sovereignty could very well succeed China’s Communist led, authoritarian growth model (Schuman, 2012).
In 2015 India was ranked among the highest countries globally in consumer confidence, this comes after the International Monetary Fund estimated an economic growth of up to 7% annually for the next decade in India. But this hasn 't always been the case, in fact, it wasn 't so long ago that India was simply another colonized nation around the world, not to mention it 's usually rare to see this kind of economic growth in such a small period of time. The Effects of globalization, with an emphasis on open trade networks, and the Imperial developments of the late 19th century have led to the emergence and rise of India 's market-based economy. This growth has been affected in a very positive way over a span of centuries by a combination of stronger economic developments brought about by a massive increase in the countries labor force and the emphasis on education and self-governance. An exposure to both the Western economic systems during the imperial age until their independence in 1947 and their subsequent involvement in the Asian, Middle Eastern and African trade routes from the late 15th century placed India in an economic equilibrium where they were able to benefit from both worlds and become one of the fastest growing economies.
The corruptin is the abusive and inefficient use of resources by trusted powers for private gain. Corruption is not committed to the rule of law, justice, human rights and the integrity of public service, and it hurts every one who's life, livelihood, or happiness depends on the integrity of people in a position of authority.Some times it's devastating impact is more visible . The governance ,transparency ,and fighting corruption is so important to sustaine economic growth.
Ultimately corruption takes away from the total resource pie, which essentially takes away from the common populace. When a nation’s resources are fraudulently diverted, societal development and progress suffer across the board. Accordingly, nongovernmental organizations such as Transparency International concur with this assessment and also depict corruption as an anti-poor mechanism. Hence, corruption feeds into the cycle of poverty in developing nations, leaving the majority of wealth for the elite minority, while the majority of the populace lives in abject poverty. In the end, corruption and poor governance, combined with an abundance of accessible and valuable resources throughout the region provide ample motive for the generation of a power grab.
Corruption has been seen as a major obstacle of rapid economic growth and development. It is a complex phenomenon whose roots lay in political and bureaucratic institutions and affects the economic growth of different countries. It makes the governments intervene where they do not need to, and it weakens the ability of the government to enact and implement policies in areas in which government intervention is needed. Over the years, the dispute of the economic consequences of corruption on economic growth has been a topic of analysis. The analysis is focused on the effect of corruption on economic growth. Several studies have generally found a negative correlation between corruption, economic growth, inequality, governance, income distribution and business environment. At the same time also some positive correlation with economic growth has been found to exist.
International Monetary Fund. 1998. Does Corruption Affect Income Inequality And Poverty?. [ONLINE] Available at: https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/wp/wp9876.pdf. [Accessed 4 March 2017].
3. Based on this case and what we discussed in class, what is the relationship of corruption, a public action violation, on economic development?
In the early 1990s, there was economic growth due to industrial deregulation and reduced controls on foreign trade and investment (“Central Intelligence Agency”). India is similar to Iran in this way because Iran also worked to make economic changes in the 1990s. Both reduced how much control and power each government had within their economies; for Iran it was subsidies and for India it was reducing controls on foreign trade. India’s economy has also undergone privatization of what were once
First of all, this followed a period of more indirect political control from the British East India Company that was established progressively, starting in Bengal around 1757. (Banerjee, A., & Iyer, L.2005)For the period of this time, the Indian subcontinent experienced an amount of momentous structural changes to its economic and political schemes. Even though many of these procedures were legitimately transported to an end upon independence in August 1947, it is apparent that the prolonged period of overseas control had influences that insist in contemporary India. The effects of the British raj are methodically recognized and their legacies for India’s growth. As India was divided into a number of states after independence, the focus will be on what is now the
Introduction: Corruption is becoming prevalent all over the world. Corruption hurts economies, people, and governments. Corruption is unethical, immoral, and illegal in many societies, religions, and countries. It needs to be stopped. Private organizations, United Nations, and some governments have attempted to stop corruption or at least have tried to prevent it. Corruption in Bangladesh: Corruption is talk of the town in Bangladesh now. It is not only a vice in Bangladesh but also in other countries of the world. But there are differences in the forms and results of corruption in different countries. A few specialists on corruption regard it as supportive to development. Corruption means committing crime and mischief to the country. It causes great harm to the countrymen. None can escape the harm of corruption. It is a social malady. It spreads its greedy
While corruption is said to generate inefficiency and retard growth in a country (Ackerman, 1997), China manages to deliver astronomical economic growth amidst rampant corruption (Li, Peng, 2001). To explain China’s puzzle, the essay first focuses on the causes of corruption and why it has yet to be eradicated, and then analyzes its economic impact in the short and long run.
Corruption is a complex political, social, and economic anomaly that negatively affects developing and developed countries. It weakens democratic institutions, holds economic development, widening the rich-poor gap and certainly leads to governmental instability. The World Bank definition of corruption states that “…the abuse of public office for private gain”.
There are several reasons behind the emergence of the phenomenon of corruption and outbreaks in communities. There are nearly unanimity on the fact that this phenomenon is negative behavior. One of the reasons for people to turn towards to corruption is to make more finance, and others to engage in corruption, dreaming of more strength. However, the main reason that allowed people to engage in corruption and enjoy it is the weakness of government censorship.
This may have been due largely to industrialisation policies and the 'green revolution '.8 The fundamental premise was that: ... growth should be accompanied by social justice and this should be achieved in a way that made India self-sufficient... . [Eventually] imports were severely controlled and were subject in many cases to quantitative restrictions, and in all cases to very high tariffs, which, at their peak, had reached a maximum level of 350%.9 1.9 Between 1951 and 1993, India’s share of world trade plunged from 2.4 to 0.5 percent owing to Nehru 's reliance on central planning as an economic policy.10 This highly regulated, over-bureaucratised system severely inhibited competition, innovation, efficiency and economic growth. Trade policies were designed to protect local industries from external competition through high subsidies and tariffs. 1.10 As well as decreasing levels of trade participation with countries other than the USSR, India had become increasingly reliant on the USSR for technological and capital inputs. Moreover, according to DFAT:
Firstly, it challenges the state capacity in ensuring equality among the whole society. In most cases of corruption, wealth is concentrated in the hands of a minority of population as money and properties go to the pockets of those who have power and position. Vice versa, good positions and promotions are given to those who have money instead of genuine ability. The burden of corruption falls on the poor since they are not able to afford the bribes to get good education, health care and other services (Myint 2000). Secondly, corruption, by creating inequality within the society also reduces the legitimacy of the government in the eyes of its citizens. A government which is seriously corrupted is hardly able to implement laws and policies efficiently. Moreover, the capacity of the state to invest in national projects is also diminished because of serious losses of revenues caused by corruption. Businesses and companies in Vietnam pay bribes to get reduction of taxes, fees, dues, custom duties and public utility charges such as for water and electricity (Myint, 49). Thus, in direct or indirect ways, corruption is still a great challenge to the state capacity of Vietnam that both the government and citizens are for years trying to find a resolution.