Gastroesophagogastric Analysis

Martini, F. H., Nath, J. L., and Bartholomew, E. F. “The Musclar System.” Anatomy & Physiology.

As we get older, it gets harder for the valve to close tightly due to a weakened diaphragm. So this allows acid and partially digested food to splash back into the esophagus. As such, continues occurrence of reflux would result to the gastro esophageal reflux disease (GERD). Gastro for the gastric system, and esophageal for the esophagus.3 The hole can also increase in size leading to the formation of a hiatus.1 When this happens, part of the stomach bulges through the hole leading to the hiatal hernia which

Description- Pyloric stenosis is narrowing of the opening from the stomach to the first part of the small intestine known as the duodenum, due to enlargement of the muscle surrounding the pylorus or "gate" which spasms when the stomach empties. Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis causes a functional gastric outlet obstruction as a result of hypertrophy and hyperplasia of the muscular layers of the pylorus.It usually occurs in infants aged 2-8 weeks. The pyloric muscle hypertrophy results in narrowing of the pyloric canal, which can then become easily obstructed.

The frequent use of accessory muscles can indicate a respiratory problem especially if the patient purses their lips and flare their nostrils when breathing (Publications, 2007).

The inferior plane means closer to the feet (below), and the stomach is inferior to the esophagus. The mediastinum plane contains the esophagus, and the stomach is located in the abdominal cavity (Anatomy Terms, 2015).

The patient presents with probable muscle tension dysphonia (CAPE-V 62/100). She is characterized by hoarseness and roughness in her voice. Ms. Pepper’s forced vital capacity was 2900 cc ml. The average vital capacity for women is between 3000-4000 cc ml. Ms. Pepper’s vital capacity is below the normal. Ms. Pepper predicted MPT was 17.11 seconds. According to Awan & Ziminsky-Ammon (1996), the average mean for MPT should be about 19.70 (SD of 5.79) Reduced MPT might indicate either a problem with reduced respiratory capacity or control and/or loss of air through incomplete glottal closures. However, the increased tension may require excessive levels of subglottal air to initiate and maintain phonation so someone may run out of air quicker and/or

However, its use has since become questionable. N. Bhatia et. al. in “Cricoid pressure where do we stands” contend that its benefits and risks may not be fully understood. For example, the amount of pressure necessary to adequately occlude that esophagus is far from definitive, citing most practitioners description of the required pressure as “enough.” While more scientific assessments of the required amount of pressure ranged from 10 to 40N. Even when the generally accepted amount of pressure was applied to the cricoid cartilage 12% of the patients evaluated still regurgitated stomach contents. Finally, the use of cricoid pressure requires more than a basic understanding of its use and purpose, otherwise, either too much or not enough pressure can be applied, or the trachea can be displaced in an abnormal position making visual laryngoscopy difficulty. In addition, they contend that the proof used in the original article do not meet the basics of scientific proof. The use of cadavers as study subjects and the use of only 26 cases do not meet the minimum standards to adequately prove its overall benefit. However, Stewart et. al. in “Rapid-sequence intubation and cricoid pressure,” argue that despite its difficulties and complications, it is a learnable skill and has a purpose in rapid sequence

The explanation begins at the intercostal muscles between each pair of our 12 ribs of the rib

The diaphragm normally lies on top of the stomach. In some people a part of the stomach has forced its way through a gap in the centre of the diaphragm. This causes an abnormality in the lower esophageal sphincter whose purpose it is to keep acid in the stomach and prevent if from escaping where it would otherwise cause heartburn.

It is used to indicate the distance between the gas bubble within the terminal colon and the perineal skin. Use of bony landmarks on the pelvic x-ray allows the clinician to relate the gas bubble to the origin of the levator ani and the apex of the levator sphincter muscle complex near the lower point of the ischium. By determining the pubococcygeal line (PC line) and the ischial (I) and by comparing the relation of the gas bubble in an ARM to the PC line is the essential factor to determine whether the blind pouch is above or below the attachment of levator ani to the pelvic wall.

The LES is a 3-4 cm. long segment of contracted smooth muscle at the end of the esophagus consisting of two separate components. The first component is the sphincter comprised of a segment of smooth muscle in the lower esophagus and the second component is formed by the diaphragm crus which exerts pressure. The LES creates a high pressure region between the esophagus and the stomach that prevents acid reflux. A LES that is fully functioning must have an acceptable total and intra-abdominal length, and a normal resting pressure. The LES prevents gastroesophageal reflux but it can be made difficult by numerous factors. During inspiration, the gastro-esophageal pressure gradient can drive gastric contents into the esophagus. The LES also allows

Various studies have shown that the diaphragm and the transversus abdominis simultaneously contract prior to movements in the extremities. Hodges et al demonstrated this co-activation 20ms prior to the activation of the deltoid when the subject was asked to move an arm into flexion.8 Hodges/Gandevia/Richardson. Hodges monitored the diaphragm by measuring the length of the ZOA because it+ is closely associated with the length of the diaphragm. He believed that the diaphragm+ was contributing to postural stability by, “maintaining the hoop-like geometry” of the abdominal wall.Hodges19 Vostatek stated that the diaphragm was contracting in order to provide abdominal pressure for stabilization of the spine. He also stated that the ribs needed to stay down and only expand out to the sides during inhalation in order to maintain

Unlike the peristaltic wave contractions which transport food matter in one direction, segmentation contractions churn food Segmentation plays an essential role in amalgamating the chemical gastric juices with the food matter. The circular muscle fibres that form part of the layers of the intestines permit this specific rotating

But muscles that attach to the rib cage should also be assessed for proper length. The pectoralis major attaches to the superior 6 costal cartilages. If there is limitation in horizontal abduction, one can assume that there will be resultant tightness in the rib mobility where the muscle attaches. If there is latissimus or intercostal tightness, there may be a limitation in shoulder flexion. Length of the anterior neck musculature can be assessed during exhalation. The sternum should be able to descend fully without concomitant posterior cranial

To summarize, hiatal hernias can range from being barely if noticeable at all to requiring surgery and generally consist of part of the stomach moving up into the thoracic cavity. Hiatal hernia (HH) is a defect in the diaphragm that allows movement of the distal esophagus and a portion of the stomach into the thoracic