Gender Neutrality In Gxe

Humans frequently turn on the stress response that was intended to assist our survival in reaction to the everyday challenges we face. Professor Michael Marmot conducted a study in England of 28,000 people’s health over a course of 40 years. Each person was a British

Schneiderman, N., Ironson, G., & Siegel, S. D. (2005). STRESS AND HEALTH: Psychological, Behavioral, and Biological Determinants. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 1,

“The social determinants of health are the conditions in which people are born, grow, work, live, and age, and the wider set of forces and systems shaping the conditions of daily life” (World Health Organisation (WHO), 2009). The social determinants of health can be divided into 5 categories, age, sex and hereditary factors, individual lifestyle factors, social and community networks, living and working conditions and general socioeconomic, cultural and

Stress can come from anything we do in our daily lives, even if it is a positive or negative change. To measure the amount of stress a single event can cause two men named Thomas Holmes and Richard Rahe came up with the Social Readjustment Rating Scale. Over time this scale has been modified to accommodated for

Social determinants of health encompasses ethnicity, gender and social class. It is seen as the essential

Men and women have different levels of risks of getting mental illnesses such as alcohol dependency. This is “more than twice as high in men than women. In developed countries, approximately 1 in 5 men and 1 in 12 women develop alcohol dependence during their lives” WHO 2015. This clearly shows that men and women have different risks when it comes to health and illness. Men are also twice as likely to have personality disorders, but women are more likely to have anxiety and depression than men are. Women have more accounts of sexual harassment and rape and this has a knock on effect to the amount of people with depression.

Income and education are closely linked with health status. The __________ the poverty rate and the __________ the education level, the better the health.

Psycho-social stress can be anything psychological or social that causes us to feel upset. We can be “stressed out” because of our job, or because of school, or because we are poor. We define what we react to and how much time and energy we spend reacting to it. There are some people who have very difficult lives, who do not experience stress in the same way others do (Myers, 2014). Sapolsky set out to discover what psycho-social factors could be indicators about who is more likely to experience a stress response. Sopolskys research with primates with similar social structures to humans, revealed that there are several

Josh et al (2000) suggested that Social Capital was an important explanation regarding health issues. Supporting the theory that life chances are influenced by social environment and the people around us (Holborn, Burrage and Langley, 2009).

The first social determinant of health that the Johnson family had to face was “stress, and illness”. Stress or rather then response to the stress can cause harmful effects on number of biological systems that can lead to illnesses. Stress can affect the person

Turner, R. Jay, Blair Wheaton, and Donald A. Lloyd. 1995. “The Epidemiology of Social Stress.” American Sociological Review 60:104–25.

Other research in the 1990's showed a correlation between high levels of negative life events with increased vulnerability to colds. The trouble with this 'social readjustment rating scale' is that it does not account for the fact that some people will find the same sort of event less stressful than others - for example, divorce could be perceived as a relief or a disaster. We cannot give reliable predictions about risks of stress-related illness based on this scale. Lazarus and colleagues in the 1980s came up with a different stress measurement scale called the 'hassles and uplifts scale'.

Marmot and Wilkinson (2003), define social determinants as the social and economic policy conditions and their distribution among society that influences differences in health outcomes. Some social determinants include the social gradient, stress, social exclusion and social support. The Williams Model addresses the social determinants of the social gradient and stress in relation to the Pacific Dawn Raids and how it impacts health outcomes. By addressing social determinants, the model moves beyond the biological factors of health outcomes and moves towards the social elements which affect health (Williams,

“Healthy individuals cannot survive when society is sick.” On the other hand, aspects of social structure influence health and illness. Social factors not only affect life expectancy, but the possibilities the one will experience diseases and in turn, the health care that they will receive.

It seems plausible to suggest that distal causes impact on health outcomes. Kroenke (2008) points out that, for instance, poor housing conditions are reflected in low health status both in short and long-term. As well as the distal materialistic aspect of social factors, other factors including social cohesion, group norms and social structures are also determinants of health as it is evident that such factors are particularly important for women especially in advance age (Blaxter, 2001). Due to the significant addition that studying social factors brings to understanding health, differences in social factors between groups have been extensively studied using various measures such as socioeconomic status.