Essay on HS320 Microbiology Unit1 Assignment

Concept 6.1 Biologists use microscopes and the tools of biochemistry to study cells 1. The study of cells has been limited by their small size, and so they were not seen and described until 1665, when Robert Hooke first looked at dead cells from an oak tree. His contemporary, Anton van Leeuwenhoek, crafted lenses and with the improvements in optical aids, a new world was opened. Magnification and resolving power limit what can be seen. Explain the difference. Magnification is the ratio of an object’s image size to its real size. Resolution is a measure of the clarity of the image; it is the minimum distance two points can be separated and still be distinguished

2) Electron Microscope (EM) uses a beam of electrons to resolve electrons, better resolving powers than light microscope M:100,000x RP 0,2 nanometer

The illuminating parts of a microscope enable us to see the detail of the subject placed under the microscope. The three main parts that enable us to do this are: the condenser which illuminates the object that is placed under the microscope, the objectives which forms the magnified image, and the eyepiece which enables us to see the magnified

To make the specimen compatible with both forms of advanced microscopy, they sufficiently prepared samples by coupling the specimen with a fluorescence that was also conductive. This technique was accomplished with the FlouroNanogold label, which contains gold nanoparticles covalently bonded to a fluorescence label. That way, the LM worked as well as the EM for the same set of kinetochores that were being studied. The Hec1 protein was stained in this case because this protein naturally delineates the structures to be studied.

Leeuwenhoek’s original microscope had one lense that could not zoom in further or back, but it did have a focus knob and a stage to put the item on. Today's microscopes consist of an eyepiece, swinging eyepiece tubes, eye level raisers, zoom adjustment, focus knobs, and a stage to put the specimen on. We research for smaller things around us because we are always curious to find more lifeforms that have yet to be discovered. Our thinking has changed a lot since the Dark Ages because we now understand that cells are in every living or once living animal, which they had not discovered until Anton van Leeuwenhoek had found it out himself. Anton van Leeuwenhoek was one of the most important men to have ever lived, without his guidance, we would have never come to the conclusion that cells even

Fluorescence microscopy based techniques are essential tools for measuring the dynamics of molecules in living cells and can be used to approach a variety of biological questions. The microscopy techniques applied in our lab can be subdivided into Time-resolved Fluorescence Anisotropy (TRFA) and Fluorescence Bleaching Techniques A combination of these complementary methods allows for a comprehensive analysis on multiple length and time scales. The microscope is intended to work in two modes, these are: single photon counting (two avalanche photodiode for measuring both parallel and perpendicular polarization of sample emissions) and imaging (ccd camera). The new design adds Fluorescent Recovery After Photobleaching (FRAP) to these current

Fluorescence is a process that is observed under a microscope and fluorescence probes are used to analyze single molecules, live cell imaging, and histology within the animal brain. Recently however, there has been availability of the multi-photon excitation technique that has broken down the limitation of optical scattering within thicker tissues and expanded the utility of fluorescence in vivo within the brain. Current progress is being made of fluorescence-based microendoscopy using optical fibers. This has enabled scientists to be able to conduct cellular level imaging within deeper areas of the brain tissue such as the hippocampus and striatum in animals. Being able to perform this type of procedure has offered the potential for further long term studies of disease progression. In order to test this procedure, it is easiest to use the brain of rodents. The use of the AD mouse model with multi-color probes has been beneficial for monitoring the progression of AD, relying on fast temporal kinetics and high spatial resolution.

be examined by light microscopy must be sufficiently transparent and thin enough for light to pass through .They are cheap,portable and easy to handle. However they cannot resolve anything that is less than 0.2 micro metre apart This limit is due to the wavelength of light. For this reason they can't examine minute organisms like viruses nor can they readily allow scientists to examine individual tiny parts of cells in detail. It has low resolution(200nm) and low magnification.(X1500).Howver light microscopes only allow us to determine the shape of whole cells or large organelles.

In most cases, viewing the samples takes place through a light microscope, but in some cases an electron microscope can be used. The basic mechanics of the light microscope are the viewing sight, the magnification lenses, the viewing platform, and the light source. The light source shines light through an opening in the viewing platform where the sample rests. By looking through the viewing lens, the sample can be viewed under varying levels of magnification.

The TED video Animations of Un-Seeable Biology, delves into the parts of cells that we cannot see. With molecules being smaller than a light wave, there is no way that humans can see the breakdown of the molecules to study them. Scientists have drawn pictures of the molecules to express to us what the molecules would look like. In this essay, I will tell you what the microtubules do in the molecules, and if these animations of the microtubules help me understand more about the biological process.

Summarise the differences between how the Light Microscope, Transmission Electron Microscope and Scanning Electron Microscope work; Evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of each type of microscope. The three different types of microscope all work very differently. They all have limitations as to what can and cannot be seen through them and two key factors as to why this is are magnification and resolution. Magnification determines how closely we can look at the object, whereas resolution presents the limits of the microscope as to what sized structures can be seen clearly and can remain in focus, even at a very large magnification.

TPM microscopy can also be enhanced by combining it with other optical techniques. Using a Cre-inducible E-cadherin-GFP transgenic mouse model, Erami and co-workers combined TPM and FRAP to assess alteration in cadherin-based cell-cell junction integrity in the setting of tumour progression (Erami et al., 2016). While this is not a comprehensive review of all the advances made through multiphoton imaging of the skin, these examples serve to demonstrate that this technology has significantly advanced our understanding of the spatio-temporal interactions of immune cell subsets in lymphoid organs and peripheral tissues including the skin (Germain et al., 2012). Moreover, while animal models are able to elucidate basic cellular and molecular mechanisms to obtain real-time quantifiable details of complex biological mechanisms in intact tissues, the ultimate goal is to translate our understanding into clinical applications.

Introduction: An optical microscope is an instrument that allows us to view micrometer scale objects in a larger image. [Carl Zeiss] The microscope uses a compound lens which allows to get maximum magnification. The compound lens is made up of multiple lenses that have a common axis, allowing for a high magnification to be possible. The microscope consists of objective lens and eyepiece. The objective lens is a vital part of a microscope since the lens provides a few different variations of power for magnification, and the eyepiece magnification power helps multiply the objective lens power, which will create a large amount of magnification. However, a microscope image is limited by a lens material. Glass (fused silica) is only transparent to visible light and it cannot be used for infrared light. Recently, infrared imaging has been used

Brightfield" magnifying instruments are the established magnifying lens in which the example is lit up from the back and the picture is framed because of the retaining properties of the imaged objects. Brightfield light has been a standout amongst the most generally utilized perception modes as a part of optical microscopy for as long as 300 years. The system is most appropriate for use with settled, recolored examples or different sorts of tests that normally ingest critical measures of noticeable light. Pictures created with brightfield brightening seem dim and/or profoundly shaded against a brilliant, frequently light dim or white, foundation.

Finally, the beam strikes a fluorescent screen. The magnified image of the object can be seen on the screen of a television-like monitor. The images formed by a transmission electron microscope are black and white like an X-ray picture. Computers can be used to translate the image information into a three-dimensional colored image.