Heart Disease And Stroke Statistics 2017 Update

Heart Failure is a progressive heart disease when the muscle of the heart is weakened so that it cannot pump blood as it should; the blood backs up into the blood vessels around the lungs and the other parts of the body (NHS Choice, 2015). In heart failure, the heart is not able to maintain a normal range cardiac output to meet the metabolic needs of the body (Kemp and Conte, 2012). Heart failure is a major worldwide public health problem, it is the end stage of heart disease and it could lead to high mortality. At present, heart failure is usually associated with old age, given the dramatic increase in the population of older people (ACCF/AHA, 2013). In the USA, there are about 5.7 million adults who have heart failure, about half of the people die within 5 years of diagnosis, and it costs the nation an estimated $30.7 billion each year (ACCF/AHA, 2013).

Heart failure affects nearly 6 million Americans. It is the leading cause of hospitalization in people older than 65. Roughly 550,000 people are diagnosed with heart failure each year (Emory Healthcare, 2014). Heart failure is a pathologic state where the heart cannot pump enough blood to meet the demand of the body’s metabolic needs or when the ventricle’s ability to fill is impaired. It is not a disease, but rather a complex clinical syndrome. The symptoms of heart failure come from pulmonary vascular congestion and inadequate perfusion of the systemic circulation. Individuals experience orthopnea,

Red blood cells are called erythrocytes. Erythrocytes is a cell that travels in the blood. The blood consists of four major parts including red blood cells. Blood is a fluid that is inhuman in order to survive. There are different purposed for the red blood cells that are used to keep the body healthy. Red blood cells have a protein that carries more oxygen molecules from the lungs to the body. Hemoglobin leaves the body and returns carbon dioxide to the lungs. Without out this, people will not survive. When the red blood cell pass through the blood vessels in your body the cell forms a shape of a round shape like a donut. It the center it looks flat. Red blood cells have a lack of the nucleus and survive about 120 days. Red blood cell needs to be replaced by fresh ones daily.

Red blood cells can live up to 120 days, while white blood cells can only live for a couple days. The need for cells to replace the ones that die off is enormous. On average up to 10 billion blood cells are created everyday, and out of those 10 billion blood cells, two million red blood cells are made every second (Hardie, Blackburn, 2011). Based on that information, producing blood cells is extremely important, and if you’re body is not producing them, there can be fatal

Cardiovascular disease is the world's public health enemy number one, and Coronary atherosclerosis is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality among all cardiovascular diseases, it costs a huge amount of medical and social resources each year and seriously affects the public health and life. With the development of society, the cardiovascular disease in developed and developing countries is the main health issues, so how to accurately distinguish between high-risk groups, and further evaluate the risk stratification and prognosis of the population is extremely important. Our study found that PDW, MPV, and P-LCR changes were positively correlated with coronary heart disease, both for patients with stable or unstable coronary heart disease

Poor physical capacity and fatigue is also very common among patients with moderate to severe heart failure

To determine if there was an increase or decrease in red blood cells in the patient’s blood, a counting chamber was filled with a whole blood sample from the patient, which was diluted with an isotonic diluent. Using the 4mm objective lens, the central 1mm2 area of the grid was found, and in this grid, only the four small corner squares and the central square were counted for red blood cells. The

* Red cell distribution width 15.6% is high calculation of the variation in the size of your RBCs. In some anemias, such as pernicious anemia, the amount of variation (anisocytosis) in RBC size (along with variation in shape – poikilocytosis) causes an increase in the RDW.

Understanding the intraoperative transfusion requirements will streamline blood bank usage and facilitate patient-specific interventions. Preoperative parameters that predict usage are varied, with clinical assessment tools already in place for many operative indications, such as trauma patients requiring massive transfusions [8]. Cardiac surgery in particular routinely utilizes red blood cells, and research to evaluate those patients who will require blood, and how much they will need, is ongoing [9-11]. As with transfusions, a tool to evaluate patients preoperatively for their estimated blood loss postoperatively would facilitate the provision of better patient-specific care.

It should be common knowledge that red blood cells are one of the most important details of the body, but unfortunately, that is not the case. Most people believe that the heart makes blood because it is common knowledge the heart is known as the main component of the body. However, the bone marrow in the body is what produces the red blood cells, platelets, and white blood cells. The general population may also believe that having more than the normal count of white blood cells could be beneficial to the immune system. Nonetheless, having more than the normal count could be diagnosed as a cancer. On the other hand, there is a bone marrow disease that leads to a rise in the number of blood cells called Polycythemia Vera (PV) which is usually found in adults over age forty.

A prospective randomized controlled trial that had 127 participants in their control and intervention groups compared venous, arterial blood management (VAMP) system in relation to transfusion requirement, preserved hemoglobin and hematocrit. The study found that the VAMP was effective in conserving hemoglobin (hgb) and hematocrit (hct) (H & H); however, the study failed to show, the use of VAMP decreased the number of RBC transfused (Rezende et al., 2010). Final results on hct were 26.5g/dl in the control group vs 29.4g/dl in the intervention group with a P value of 0.006; the final results of hgb in both groups were 9.1g/dl in the control group vs 9.7g/dl in the intervention group (P= 0.033), a significant result for their a-priori level value which was set at 5% (Rezende et al., 2010). The number of transfused RBC in 14 days between the groups were as follows: 2.42±1.43 units in the control group vs 2.25units ±1.24 units in the intervention group (P= 0.623) (Rezende et al., 2010). The authors recommended the use of VAMP to conserve H&H; however, they acknowledge that lack of time and limited resources as their limitation in that larger studies are needed for comparison with their failed hypothesis regarding decreased transfusion requirement.

During the study we faced some difficulties. First, it was difficult to find enough number of participants in heart failure physicians. Second, the time to discuss with the physicians was limited because the physicians had appointments with their patients. Third, two of the physicians took the survey and sent back the results by email, so we could not discuss with them face to face.

Their findings were as follows: in the first 24hours, both groups had a decrease in hemoglobin level, however on day number six (144 hours later), the VAMP group had slightly better mean hemoglobin (Peruzzi et al., 1993). The statistical significance of (P< 0.001) a 65% reduction in blood loss (Riessen et al., 2015). In addition, the units of red blood cells transfused per 100 patients days were 7.0 units in the control group and 2.3 units in the intervention group; (P< 0.01); in addition there was positive correlation between lower hemoglobin levels on admission and longer ICU stay (r = 16, P < 0.01); however, there is almost no correlation, at best very weak correlation between APACHE II score in relation to lower hemoglobin level and the length of ICU stay (r = 0.17, P < 0.01) (Thomas, Jensen, Nahirniak, & Gibney, 2009). While the degree of anemia was not related to the cohort’s gender, age, diagnosis, comorbidities and blood draws, there is a strong correlation between the length of ICU stay and number of transfusion (r =0.78, P < .01); and weaker correlation between patients sickness on admission in relation to transfusion requirement (r =0.24, P < .05); however, there is a strong correlation between blood loss due to blood draws and the rate of transfusion requirement (r =0.80, P < .01) (Thomas et al., 2009). The finding in this study supports the use of blood-saving apparatus, smaller sample tubes, transfusion

[Abstract] Red blood cell distribution width (RDW) is a classic index for hematological disease differential diagnosis. Recently, accumulated studies have found that RDW was closely associated with the incidence, diagnosis, and prognosis of various cardiovascular diseases. In the present review, the relationships between RDW and heart failure, acute myocardial infarction

Heart failure (HF) is one of the main causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide, with dilated cardiomyopathy being the most common type (1,2). It has been estimated that around 5.1 million American adults have HF and its prevalence was projected to increase 46% from 2012 to 2030 (2). For this reason, huge efforts were devoted to identify the underlying pathophysiological and molecular aspects of HF aiming to develop effective diagnostic and therapeutic strategies to improve the prognosis of the disease (3,4).