Hodgkin’s Disease Essay

Lymphoma is the name given to a cancer that infects the lymphatic system. In a case of lymphoma the lymphatic system has cells that multiply and cannot be stopped. There are two main types of lymphoma, Hodgkin’s and non-Hodgkin’s. Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma is called

The N category describes whether or not the cancer has spread into nearby lymph nodes.

Thesis Statement: Hodgkin’s Lymphoma, although rare, can be fatal and it is important to be informed on the cause, symptoms, and treatments to further your awareness and provide a better understanding on the dynamics of this disease.

3. Although lymphomas can originate in any of the lymphoid tissues of the body, most originate in the lymph nodes, and most (80% to 85%) are of B-Cell origin. Hypothesize as to why B-cells are more commonly affected than T-cells.

There are at least 30 different entities referred to as non-Hodgkin's lymphomas, and they range from the indolent to the very aggressive. Taken together, the non-Hodgkin's lymphomas are the fifth most common cancers in the United States and the fifth leading cause of death due to cancer 1. More than 356,000 cases are diagnosed annually with Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), however, mortality cases are high as well, evaluated as 192,000 2. NHL is defined as a combination of malignancies originating from T- and B-lymphocytes in the lymph nodes 3, 4. The invasion is not only restricted to the lymphatic system but the central nervous system, the skin, the bone marrow and adrenal glands are commonly affected as well 5, 6. Numerous factors are associated with the progression of NHL as organs

it is when cancer cells are found on the sentinel lymph node biopsy , a lymph node dissection which is the removal of all lymph nodes near the cancer , which is often recommended. stage 2 is slightly worst that stage 1, but has the same treatments the only difference is doctors may advise treatments with interferon after surgery known as adjuvant therapy. Other drugs or perhaps vaccines may also be recommended as part of a clinical trial to try to reduce the chance the melanoma will come back. stage 3 is slightly worse than stage 2 but has the same treatments and options as stage 2,1 and 0. If nothing else seems to work their is other possible treatments might include targeted therapies , immunotherapy and chemotherapy , or a combination of immunotherapy and biochemotherapy.

Stage 4: Hodgkin lymphoma has spread widely into at least one organ outside of the lymph system,

The level of lymph node indecent, ulceration and whether the tumor spread they are three primary characteristics of stage III. There are three subclasses of stage III tumor is IIIA, IIIB, and IIIC. According to skin cancer foundation “Melanoma advances to sages III or beyond, an important change has occurred”. The tumor of stage III is spread to the lymph nodes when the tumor up to be in the next stage is IV. According to cancer. net “stage IV, the melanoma has traveled beyond the regional lymph nodes to more distant areas of the body”. There are three primary characteristics is the size and number tumor, elevated LDH levels and location of distant

Hodgkin’s lymphoma (Hodgkin’s disease) “…is a malignant condition characterized by proliferation of abnormal giant, multinucleated cells, called Reed Sternberg cells, which are located in the lymph nodes.” (Lewis, p. 669) According to Medscape, “The World Health Organization (WHO) categorizes Hodgkin’s lymphoma into five types. Nodular sclerosing, mixed cellularity, lymphocyte depleted, and lymphocyte rich are the four types referred to as classical Hodgkin lymphoma. The fifth type, nodular lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin lymphoma (NLPHL), is a distinct entity with unique clinical features and a different treatment paradigm.” (Lash, 2015) In classical Hodgkin’s disease, monocytes and macrophages cause hyperplasia in the lymph nodes causing destruction of lymph tissue. According to Lewis, “the disease is believed to arise in a single location (it originates in

The American Joint Committee on Cancer developed the TNM staging system. The T classification measures the scope of the primary tumor; the N classification measures how much the lymph nodes are affected; and the M classification evaluates metastasis. The T category characterizes the primary tumor as: TX-undefinable, T0-no evidence, Tis- carcinoma in situ, and T1-T4- the measurable scope of the tumor with T4 being the largest. The N category is defined as: NX- not evaluated, N0-no involvement, and N1-N3-regional lymph node involvement measuring the extent with N3 being the worst. The M category is listed as: M0- no metastasis and M1- metastasis. The T, N, and M classifications are then added together to get the more commonly known 0-IV staging. (AJCC,

Kidney cancers stages are utilized to better diagnose the severity and progression of the disease. Stages increase the further the cancer spreads through the body, also known as metastasis. In stages I and II the tumor has not spread from the kidneys, with stage II being a tumor 7 cm across or more. In stage III the tumor has started to spread to

When a diagnosis of cancer is made, the stage or progression of the cancer is assessed. Stages of non-small cell lung cancer can range from stage I to stage IV. Stage I is local cancer in the lungs without spread to other areas of the body. Stage II is when the cancer is in the lung and lymph nodes closest to the lungs. Stage III is when the cancer is in the lungs and lymph nodes in the middle of the chest. This is considered minimally advanced lung cancer. Stage III had two subtypes. Stage IIIa is when the cancer has been found only in the lymph nodes on the same side of the chest as the tumor. Stage IIIb is when the cancer has spread to the nodes on the opposite

Stage 2 and Stage 3 cancer has invaded the chest (if large tumors are present its stage 3)

Stage two, is were the cancer is being divided into the stomach wall and goes in two parts of the lymph nodes one or two that is what forms the onco part. Stage three, is again where the cancer has divided, however in this time the doctor can determine if the cancer has spread more into the lymph nodes causing those lymph nodes to contain seven plus more off the onco. Stage four, this is where the doctor would say this is the “heartbreaking” stage due to the cancer has spread more and its common that I would be more hard for a patient to be more likely to

There are four stages of breast cancer. The Stage 0 is noninvasive breast cancer, that is, carcinoma in situ with no affected lymph nodes or metastasis. Stage zero is the most favorable. Now Stage 1 breast cancer is less than two centimeters in greatest dimension and is only in the breasts. In Stage 2, the cancer is no larger than two centimeters but it has spread to the lymph nodes under the arm. The