How Does A Base Deprotonate A Proton From Diethyl Bromide

Ethyl ethanoate is made from ethanol and ethanoic acid. In the reaction sulphuric acid is added as a catalyst.

The synthesis of the alkyl halide n-Butyl Bromide from alcohol is the foundation for the experiment. During the isolation of the n-butyl bromide, the crude product is washed with sulfuric acid, water, and sodium bicarbonate to remove any remaining acid or n-butyl alcohol. The primary alkyl halide halide n-butyl bromide is prepared by allowing n-butyl alcohol to react with sodium bromide and sulfuric acid. The sodium bromide reacts with sulfuric acid to produce hydrobromic acid . Excess sulfuric acid acts to shift the equilibrium and speed up the reaction by producing a higher concentration of hydrobromic acid. The

Salicylic acid was esterfied using acetic acid and sulfuric acid acting as a catalyst to produce acetylsalicylic acid and acetic acid. The phenol group that will attack the carbonyl carbon of the acetic anhydride is the –OH group that is directly attached to the benzene since it is more basic than the –OH group attached to the carbonyl group. This method of forming acetylsalicylic acid is an esterification reaction. Since this esterification reaction is not spontaneous, sulfuric acid was used as a catalyst to initiate the reaction. Sulfuric acid serves as the acid catalyst since its conjugate base is a strong deprotonating group that is necessary in order for this reaction to be reversible. The need for the strong conjugate base is the reason why other strong acids such as HCl is not used since its conjugate base Cl- is very weak compared to HSO3-. After the reaction was complete some unreacted acetic anhydride and salicylic acid was still be present in

The reaction involves a nucleophilic acyl substitution on an aldehyde, with the leaving group concurrently attacking another aldehyde in the second step. First the Potassium hydroxide attacks a carbonyl, which forms a tetahedral intermediate which then collapses when attacked by another hydroxide. The carbonyl is formed again when its hydride attacks another carbonyl. In the final step of the reaction, the acid and alkoxide ions formed exchange a proton. In the presence of a very high concentration of base, the aldehyde first forms a doubly charged anion from which a hydride ion is transferred to the second molecule of aldehyde to form carboxylate and alkoxide ions. Subsequently, the alkoxide ion acquires a proton from the solvent.

Hydrogens, alkyls, or aryls bonded to carboxyl groups—made up of a carbonyl group and a hydroxyl group—are known as carboxylic acids. Derivatives of carboxylic acids include acid chlorides, esters, anhydrides, amides, and generally nitriles. These derivatives are formed by the replacement of the hydroxyl group with a different electronegative heteroatom substituent, which can be a single atom, such as a chlorine atom, or a group of atoms, such as in the formation of

After 10 minutes the reaction liquid was separated from the solid using a vacuum filtration system and toluene. The product was stored and dried until week 2 of the experiment. The product was weighed to be 0.31 g. Percent yield was calculated to be 38.75%. IR spectra data was conducted for the two starting materials and of the product. Melting point determination was performed on the product and proton NMR spectrum was given. The IR spectrum revealed peaks at 1720 cm-1, which indicated the presence of a lactone group, and 1730 cm-1, representing a functional group of a carboxylic acid (C=O), and 3300cm-1, indicating the presence of an alcohol group (O-H). All three peaks correspond with the desired product. A second TLC using the same mobile and stationary phase as the first was performed and revealed Rf Values of 0.17 and 0.43for the product. The first value was unique to the product indicating that the Diels-Alder reaction was successful. The other Rf value of 0.43 matched that of maleic anhydride indicating some

In the reaction above, the hydroxyl group (-OH) in the carboxylic acid is replaced by the alkoxy group (-R*O) of the alcohol yielding an ester and water. Esters are used as constituents of perfumes, cosmetics, and surfactants, just to mention a few examples. In addition to this they are used in the food industry for flavoring of sweet and margarine. In the article,

That product is unstable and spontaneously decarboxylases into a-Ketoglutarate. In this step, NADH also becomes NAD.

The initial product is the beta-hydroxyketone, which rapidly undergoes dehydration and creates the final product, trans-p-anisalacetophenone. Technically, both the carbonyls cannot be mixed together with sodium hydroxide to get one product. We will get a dominant product of trans-p-anisalacetophenone. This reaction is an exception and we get away with it. P-anisaldehyde and acetophenone together only make one enolate. This helps our exception, but there are still two carbonyls. With our weak base, we should be worried about acetophenone reacting with itself but we are not. This is due to steric hindrance, like I stated earlier. Aldehydes are better electrophilic carbons and therefore the ketone will react with the aldehyde faster than reacting with itself. It will quickly form the product trans-p-anisalacetophenone because it is the favored product. We do not have to use expensive LDA, we can use the weaker base and get away with it.

The aldol addition reaction, may involve the nucleophilic addition of a ketone enolate to an aldehyde. Once created, the aldol product loses a molecule of water to form an a, B-unsaturated carbonyl compound which is called aldol condensation. A variety of nucleophiles may be in the aldol reaction, involving the enols, enolates, and enol ethers of ketones, aldehydes, and many carbonyl compounds. The electrophilic partner is more than likely an aldehyde or ketone. When nucleophile and electrophile are different, the reaction is called a crossed aldol reaction; on the contrary, the reaction is called an aldol dimerization when the nucleophile and electrophile are the same.

this reaction, ethanol is oxidized (losing two hydrogens) and O2 is reduced (by accepting hydrogen) to form H2O. NADPH is used as donor

For the identification of the product, IR, 13C NMR and 1H NMR spectra were examined, and the product was found to be butyl propionate. In the IR spectrum, RM-11-Bi, five key peaks are observed. These peaks are sp3 hybridized carbons at 2961 cm-1 and 2877 cm-1, an ester at 1737 cm-1, a

The M-C3 and C1- C2 single bonds are broken to form a metal alkylidene and ethylene.

An aldol reaction is an addition reaction in which an aldehyde or ketone is attacked by an enolate ion of the same compound (Klein, 2015), but can also be an enolate ion of another compound. The enolate ion formed is due to an anion coming in to deprotonate the alpha carbon of a carbonyl compound (Klein, 2015). The general result of an aldol addition is always a β-hydroxy aldehyde or ketone, but can also undergo condensation as it sometimes loses a small molecule or water or an alcohol group which will produce a different product altogether. This reaction can also serve as a chain elongation as it forms a new C-C bond (Mayo, Pike, & Forbes, 2015). The hypothesis for this aldol reaction was to yield dibenzalacetone, a bright yellow precipitate, with a 1:2 molar ration of acetone and benzaldehyde (Handayani & Arty,

In the first step the trialkyl phosphate acts as a nucleophile and, in a typical Sn2 reaction, forms a phosphonium salt. The salt is unstable and a halide ion X displaces R in the Sn2 manner to form a dialkylphosphonate. It is the phosphonate that, in the presence of base, is converted to a Wittig-like reagent. Normally the Wittig reagent is an ylid and neutral, but the modified Wittig is analogous to the carbanion of an aldol intermediate. Due to its resonance forms, the phosphonate anion is able to attack the carbonyl much like acarbanion in an aldol reaction to give an oxyanion species. This is where the analogy with the aldol reaction fails. The oxyanion undergoes a reaction analogous to nucleophilic substitution at an unsaturated center to form the olefin, normally as the E isomer, and a water soluble phosphonate anion. In this particular experiment, diethyl benzylphosphonate is used with benzaldehyde as the carbonyl component. Since phase transfer conditions are used, we can use a weaker base, the hydroxide ion. The reactivity o the anion formed is very high, resulting in excellent yields of trans-stilbene. The trans form of Stilbene is more favored than the sterically hindered cis form. Although