Human Development Theories

1. What are the three basic dimensions of human development according to the United Nations, and what is one example of a statistic that offers insight into each of these three dimensions?

From the day they are born, children are immersed in a social world. Rapid learning takes place and is supported not only by parents, siblings, teachers and friends but also the important values and beliefs within their culture. All of this provides the foundations for cognitive development. As trainee teachers, it is fundamental that we have a deeper understanding of how children learn and how we can support learning. In order to do this we must first look at some of the theories of learning.

Many human development specialists have examined memory loss of adults later in life. During the past fifty years, there have been many studies in children’s cognitive development and earlier childhood memory loss. Ernest G. Schachtel conducted studies on why people forget childhood memories as they grow older. He described the processes that could be involved in early memory loss (Crain, 2005). He was influenced by Sigmund Freud’s cognitive theory (Crain, 2005). Lev S. Vygotsky, however, described children’s early memory development as a holistic process that involved society, physiological, cultural, and economical environments. (Vygotsky,

B) our ability to modify our behavior based on the prospect of rewards or punishment.

The ecological theory was created by Urie Bronfenbrenner to explain the development of children. According to Bronfenbrenner, everything that is in a child’s environment effects the way that child grows and develops. This theory helps us understand why we may behave differently in the presence of family and friend than school and work. The ecological theory is broken down into four levels: microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem and the chronosystem. Microsystems. The microsystem is the environment filled with people who have direct contact with you. The mesosystem is involves the relations between the microsystem and the individual. The exosystem is the layer in which a child does not function directly. The macrosystem is the layer that involves a child’s cultural patterns, values, beliefs and ideas. Lastly, the chronosystem addresses the change over a

Developmental psychology recognizes three main models of psychosocial and cognitive development. The first theory, presented by developmental psychologist and philosopher Jean Piaget, addresses cognitive development. The second theory, presented by psychologist Lawrence Kohlberg, focuses on the development of morality. The third theory, proposed by developmental psychologist and psychoanalyst Erik Erikson, outlines psychosocial development. All three theories are applicable from birth to death.

The study of human development is a rich as well as differed subject. All of us have personal experience with development, however this is sometimes difficult to understand how and why people grow, discover, and act as they do.

Freud’s Theory : Freud believed that most human behavior is motivated by the unconscious mind.

"Ecological systems theory is an approach to study of human development that consists of the 'scientific study of the progressive, mutual accommodation, throughout the life course, between an active, growing human being, and the changing properties of the immediate settings in which the developing person lives, as this process is affected by the relations between these settings, and by the larger contexts in which the settings are embedded'" (Bronfenbrenner, 1989, page or #). When reading and researching to gain deeper understanding and

Culture and society have profound influences on a child’s growth and development and are important considerations for early childhood teachers if they wish to better understand children and provide higher quality early childhood education and services to children and their families, (Te Whaariki, Ministry of Education, 1996). One particular example of the effect that culture and society can have on the growth and development of a child is child-rearing practices. Different cultural groups and societies have diverse styles of child-rearing practices which are uniquely influenced by a range of values, beliefs and dominate assumptions (Berk, 2003). A significant factor in view of child-rearing practices is the role

Theories of human development deliver a framework to deliberate human growth, development, and learning. Understanding the theories can deliver useful contents into individuals and society a set of principles and concepts that describe life span development. Development perspectives are the psychoanalytic theory, behavior theory, humanistic approach and cognitive theory. Each theory focuses on different aspects of human development. The psychoanalytic is “the approach stating that behavior is motivated by inner forces, memories, and conflicts that are usually unconsciousness” ().Following, the behavior perspective emphasizing on the observable behaviors and “outside stimuli from the environment”. () This approach believed that the “full understanding of development is by carefully studying the stimuli that composed the environment”. (pg15).

¬¬Climate change has caused dramatic changes in landforms around the world, and beaches have received much of the worst consequences from this. Alongside this, human development has kept on expanding, especially into previously “pristine” environments, thus removing “access” to a great deal of the sand that was in the area. Human expansion has also resulted in the introduction of exotic or invasive species of flora, that may have impacted the native vegetation that existed on the beachfront, and as a result, changed the structure of the pre-existing sand. This is generally due to the exotic species impacting the food web, and spreading very quickly, likely due to having many seedlings or having few predators in the new environment.

There are three foundations of human development. The foundations are the biological development, psychological development, and social development. The concept of human diversity and cultural competences demonstrates how different people can be. General systems theory and social order are connected in some way.

The process of human development as well as all the achievements that are made by men are closely linked to the aspect of creativity. In the past, a number of scholars have carried out research on creativity from a number of aspects like that of studying the 4P model. In most of there researches, a number of measures were used in differentiating those abilities that were termed as high and low (Lin, et al., 2012). Additionally, in finding the potential that people have regarding their creativity, most of the scholars have applied the psychometric approach while applying the cognitive approach in the process of developing solutions to a number of creative problems that are identified in the society.

When the zygote is about to divide, chromosome replication and cell division arise wherein chromosomes and genes are doubled. All cells except the reproductive cells receive identical inheritance. The process of cell division continues with the chromosomes being always replicated as described.