With regards to the health effects of PM2.5, epidemiological and clinical studies suggest a strong association between human exposure to PM2.5 and the risk of cardiovascular disease development. These studies have shown that exposure to PM2.5 from ambient air pollution and/or tobacco smoking is linked to a number of cardiovascular conditions including hypertension126, coronary artery disease127, myocardial infarction128, 129, atherosclerosis126, and arrhythmia130. To this end, short term exposure (< 24 hours) to PM2.5 is associated with 0.4% to 1% increase in the relative risk of daily cardiovascular mortality131, whereas long term exposure posed a higher relative risk131, 132 . Interestingly, the risk of atherosclerosis as measured by …show more content…
Thus, deposition of PM2.5 on alveoli was found to trigger an inflammatory response and oxidative stress, accompanied with the release of a host of pro-inflammatory mediators, vasoactive molecules and reactive oxygen species into the circulation. These will subsequently affect the vascular integrity and induce thrombogenesis138, 140. Also, it has been proposed that PM2.5 can modulate the autonomic nervous system and result in increased vasoconstriction and change heart rate variability, which will potentially enhance the risk of developing arrhythmias and thrombosis141. Importantly, it has been found that the dose-response relationship between particulate matter exposure and cardiovascular mortality is also non-linear142. In fact, the observed dose-response curve was steep at low levels, suggesting that a consequential adverse cardiovascular outcome can happen as a result of exposure to low levels142. Interestingly, a study suggested that PM2.5 is responsible for more than 90% of the predicted harm caused by thirdhand smoke pollutants143. In summary, clearly, there is substantial evidence in the literature that PM2.5 from ambient air pollution and smoking exerts harmful effects on the cardiovascular system. However, whether e-cigarettes PM2.5 produces similar effects is not known yet, but warrants investigation. This notion is
Another form of pollution is cigarette smoke. Cigarettes alone contain dangerous chemicals that seriously can damage your health and others around you. That’s why from the first of July in 2007 it was illegal to smoke in public areas like pubs clubs and hotels. Smoking can cause lung disease and different types of cancers as well as heart diseases. Mentally, smoking can affect how you think and cause stress.
The University of Texas Health Science Center has found that the amount of PM2.5 in the air in Houston, Texas can be linked with a small increase in mortality rate. Houston is largely industrialized which accounts for the emission of pollutants that negatively affect the people and environment. Home to America’s largest petrochemical industry, as well as many ports and forms of transportation, it’s little surprise that the concentration of PM2.5 in the city can be greater than some other cities. Scientists recorded the levels of PM2.5 in Houston over 11 years and found that though the PM2.5 particles’ mass was greater than the national standard on only 17 days out of the 11 years, on those single days, the mortality risk increased by 1.43%.
In the book, Culture War by Morris Fiorina, his political stance on Americans not being polarized has not been caused by a growing significance of the political parties today, rather a change in the government over the years. He believes that the two parties, Democrat, and Republican are the most polarized while the public is not. Abramowitz argues that there is no polarized relationship between the American people and the political parties. He believes the polarization is reflected through those who are politically informed and those who are not. While recognizing both of these views, Fiorina and Abramowitz will give us background knowledge on why America is or not polarized and what are the misconceptions that shape that further
Pollution continues to pose an enormous threat to residents of urban cities worldwide. In the August 2008 Monthly Update, it is stated that approximately 800,000 deaths each year can be attributed to outdoor air pollution, making pollution the single most harmful environmental hazard to human health in urban areas (Kallman). The fact that pollution kills hundreds of thousands of people each year alone portrays just how dangerous living in these conditions can be. Kallman writes about a study which proves an increase in upper respiratory diseases, cardiovascular mortality, respiratory mortality, and low birth weights when exposed to air pollutants (August 2008: Monthly Update). These can be very serious diseases and complications which, when contracted, can lead to death or very serious illnesses. There
The primary health issues that come with the impact of air pollution are asthma, cardiovascular illnesses and premature mortality. These health issues are due to pollution and the poor air quality such as ozone. Thus, human health becomes a concern and issue. The individuals who are usually more vulnerable to such illnesses are the children and elderly. For example, there’s approximately 162,438 children under the age of and 258,586 adults aged 65 years and older in Riverside county that are prone to environmental health illnesses (cdph). According to UCLA institute of the Environment and Sustainability,
“Vehicle emissions contribute to the formation of smog. ‘Nitrogen Oxide’ and ‘volatile organic compounds’ in vehicle emissions can react to form ‘ground level ozone’; this is a secondary pollutant in the lower atmosphere, where its formation can be enhance by other pollutants , and its highly toxic at levels above 0.1 parts per million (p.p.m). A number of studies have shown that pollutant exposures near major roadways are greater than for other areas in cities. Other studies have linked increased exposure to an increased prevalence of a wide variety of illnesses including asthma, chronic bronchitis, emphysema, pneumonia and heart disease. Nitrogen oxide can irritate airways,
According to a study done in the US (WHO, 2010), persons with lower socioeconomic status had higher levels of PM2.5 exposure than those of a higher status. This was based on the following indicators: Unemployment, education, earnings and poverty. The study revealed that persons with education less than a high school degree had higher exposures than those with a high school degree. This is also true for the unemployed, those in the poverty range as well as those with lower earnings than those of a higher status.
Did you know many upper respiratory diseases such as asthma and others diseases like cataracts and skin cancer are aggravated by air pollution. The NRDC (Natural Resources Defense Council) states that “the following air pollutants are common triggers of asthma, ground level ozone, sulfur dioxide, fine particulate matter and nitrogen oxide.” Air pollution is the presence in or introduction into the air of a substance which has harmful or poisonous effects.
1. What is it like to grow up in America according to the film? There is not a precise description of growing up and living in America, the nuances shown in the film can explain pretty much the different varieties of economic, social, and political backgrounds of each of the characters of the film. The best explanation can be pictured according to the scenario and the characteristics of the context.
Air Pollution today has lead CDC's fight against environmental -related respiratory illness, including asthma.An estimated number of 6.5 million deaths are attributed each year to poor air quality, making this the world's largest threat to human health.According to the World Energy Outlook and the IEA estimate that death due to household air pollution in Africa may decrease by 110,00 to 2040.However, due to economic growth, urbanization and automobile emissions, outdoor air pollution may rise from 300,00 to 450,000 over the same period. Am going to be looking at the causes of air pollution. the problems emerging with air pollution and also how we as a community can help decrease the amount of death rate associated with air pollution.I remember growing up in Africa Air pollution was always a talk about a subject that always comes out because it is really contagious due to the fact that we are breathing bad air that is caused by our human contribution to the environment.Air pollution is considered to be a public health problem, it is responsible for most of our health problems after some research has been conducted in many different parts of the world and regions. According to the Geochemistry and Health paleopathological research suggests that air pollution is a form of smoke, plagued our oldest ancestors.Air pollution has emerged as one of the leading risk factors for stroke worldwide.
This issue matters because there are people that are getting hurt from this pollution not to mention the damage pollution is doing to our environment. Inhaling pollution is very destructive to our health. “The study, in Circulation Research, found consistent relationships between
ADHD is of paramount concern to parents. As a parent we strive to provide our children with the best possible care. There are still many questions concerning ADHD, and the unknown is very stressful for parents of children that exhibit symptoms that are beyond the normal activity level of a child. The CDC is a government agency; as such, the public views the information provided by the CDC as credible and reliable. Through this public distribution of information, the CDC aims to educate parents that there is no need for alarm. Education about the types of ADHD, signs and symptoms, causes, diagnosis, and treatments of ADHD are readily available.
Gothic Elements of ‘The Fall of the House of Usher’ Have you ever imagined how you would die? The theme portrayed in Edgar Allan Poe’s “The Fall of the House of Usher” is madness. Fictional events including the act of supernatural is displayed as well.
In today’s world, it seems there are a plethora of ailments. Diseases such as obesity, dyslipidemia, high blood pressure, and high blood glucose levels are a real concern for individuals. According to Prasanna Kumar (2011), the previously listed ailments are a cluster of individual illnesses that make up Metabolic Syndrome (MetS). Therefore, MetS is not accepted as a disease, rather a syndrome with numerous risk factors for developing cardiovascular disease (CVD) or diabetes.
Air, is one of the most substantial source to mankind and our planet. While it exists, so does everything else along. However, in today’s epidemic, there has been certain factors that have increased in understanding whether the air we breathe today is healthy or not? Is it doing more harm than we thought? In other words, the health risks against air pollution have risen in the past few decades; all from what you may ask? Well, it could be for various factors and evaluations; either environmental or materialistic. Pollution is a major public health crisis in the world. (Friis, 2012). This is one of the conflicts that contribute to various aspects of an individual’s life, whether they may realize it or not. In this paper will include the sources that cause pollution with the effects it cause as well as policies on the regulation of air pollution.