Hypovolemic Shock Research Paper

Hypovolemic shock is an urgent condition of rapid reduction of circulatory volume in the body, which can be created due to blood or plasma or body fluids loss (Kettley & Marsh, 2016, p. 31; Perner & Backer, 2014, p. 613). Blood loss can be induced by internal or external injuries, excessive perspiration or diuretics (Craft & et al, 2015, p. 852). Maureen Hardy’s hypovolemia has been precipitated by hematemesis.

The patient in “The Red Hat Hikers” scenario is suffering from hyponatremia. Hyponatremia is defined as a serum sodium level of less than 136mEq/L. Sodium is an electrolyte that is found predominately in the extracellular fluid, and it is the chief regulator of water in the body. Sodium is also important for muscle contraction, nerve impulses, acid-base balance and chemical reactions that occur inside the cell (McCance & Huether, 2014). Normal sodium levels in the body are maintained by the kidneys and the hormone aldosterone. Aldosterone is secreted by the adrenal cortex at the completion of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, and it helps stimulate the proximal tubules of the kidneys to reabsorb sodium and water. The anti-diuretic hormone (ADH) also indirectly affects sodium levels because it regulates water balance in the body (McCance & Huether, 2014).

Cardiogenic shock is a frequently fatal complication that occurs when the heart cannot pump an adequate amount of blood in order to perfuse tissues. This hypoperfusion causes multiple organ dysfunction and damage which classifies cardiogenic shock a medical emergency. In the past, cardiogenic shock had a poor prognosis. However, currently approximately half of the people that go into cardiogenic shock survive (National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute [NHLBI], 2011).

D) If you hyperventilate the kidneys will counteract the alkalinity by adding hydrogen ions into the blood stream

& Donelly, R., 2010). As with DKA, at this stage the body attempts to normalize the osmolality through diuresis, which leads to dehydration, loss of electrolytes, and further hyperosmolality. With HHS evolving over days to weeks, (often either through poor medication compliance/inappropriate prescribing, dietary issues, or illness), the effect is insidious, and often by the time a patient presents to the emergency department either directly or via a GP, they are already critical (Kisiel, M. & Marsons, L., 2009).

This scenario helped me understand the pathophysiologic process of pneumonia and decompensated shock and how they could possibly manifest in children. Since in our first simulation of the semester we learned different methods of assisting a patient in improving his/her breathing status I was better able to intervene and know what to do to improve our patient’s breathing status. However, I have never been exposed to a patient undergoing decompensated shock. Therefore, this time I was able to learn what to do in case a situation as such arises in the future on a real patient. Shock can be due to several reasons such as bleeding or severe dehydration. However, it was apparent in this case that the patient was not externally bleeding, but she was

55). According to Wen-Chih et al. (2010, p.11), ageing patients are susceptible to blood loss since they have limited physiological replacement. Thus, considering the age and the surgical procedure the patient is at high risk of hypovolemia. If the loss of blood progresses and the body is unable to compensate, the patient will be at risk for hypovolemic shock (D’Angelo, M., Dutton, R., 2009, p. 279). Hypovolemic shock means deficit in flowing blood causing to ineffectively filing the intravascular space. Mamaril, M., Child, S., & Sortman, S., 2007, p. 191. Kolecki, P., & Menckhoff, C. (2014) emphasizes that there are four (4) classification of hypovolemic shock. Class 1 is when there is 0-15% of blood loss with only slight change in heart rate. If the patient heart rate becomes more than 100 beats per minute and they experience tachypnoea and has cool clammy skin, the patient is in the class 2 of hypovolemic shock. Class 3 and 4 is when the patient will manifest the severe sympathetic response of the body due to the inability of compensate with the blood loss. Thus, considering the age and the surgical procedure the patient is at high risk of hypovolemia or even the more severe

Lily was a 65 year old lady with stage 5 CKD, she had recently begun hemodialysis treatment three times a week as an inpatient and had been responding well to treatment. During dialysis treatment on the morning of the first day, Lily’s observations showed that she was: tachycardic, hypotensive, tachypnoeaic, had an oxygen saturation level of 88% and was becoming confused and drowsy. It became apparent that Lily had become hypovolaemic. The hypovolaemic shock seen in this patient was of a particular critical nature due to the fact that her dialysis treatment had moved her rapidly through the first two stages of shock with her compensatory mechanisms failing very quickly (Tait, 2012). It was also much harder to identify the early signs of

Shock is described as a state of hypoperfusion of the organs and tissues, which will result in cellular dysfunction and cell death. There are many varieties of shock, but for the purpose of this essay I will focus on hypovolemic shock. The term hypovolemic means low volume, this term in and of itself tells us what the root cause of this form of shock is, low blood volume. There are two different types of hypovolemic shock, hemorrhagic and non hemorrhagic, I will be discussing the possible causes, signs, symptoms, and treatment options for the hemorrhagic type. I will also explain what health care providers in the field should be looking for to determine whether their patient is in a state of compensated shock, where their body is doing everything it can to maintain perfusion, or if the patient is de-compensating and the body 's attempts at maintaining perfusion are failing.

Doctor Swift and his medical team followed Colonel Patterson onto the floor and stopped in his tracks when he saw Jackson and grabbed the nearest orderly ordering him to get a wheelchair. He considered the large amount of blood pooling beneath the chair, as a big warning sign that Jackson was on the verge of bleeding to death and it was clear he was going into hypovolemic

The syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH) is defined by hyponatremia (low plasma sodium ion concentrations) due to continued renal excretion of sodium in the face of its dilution in the plasma due to water retention (i.e dilution of sodium ions). This occurs due to the hypo-osmolality resulting from the inappropriate, continued secretion and action of the antidiuretic hormone arginine vasopressin (AVP) despite normal or increased plasma volume. This hormone is transported intra-axonally from the site of its synthesis in the hypothalamus to the synaptic termination of the axons of the hypothalamic neurons in the posterior pituitary gland. This results in impaired water excretion. Conditions that dysregulate ADH secretion in the central nervous system include tumors that secrete ADH and drugs that increase ADH secretion. Heart failure can also cause increased ADH production. Heart failure would decrease cardiac output and lower blood pressure. This would activate the RAAS pathway whereby angiotensin produced by the liver would be converted to angiotensin 1 by rennin (produced by juxtaglomerular apparatus in the kidney), and ACE (an enzyme produced by the lungs) would cobnvert it to angiotensin 2. Angiotensin 2 would then act on the posterior

Hypovolaemia pertains to an abnormal loss of blood volume and body fluid. It is a life-threatening condition brought on by low blood venous return to the heart that results to decreased Cardiac Output (CO), leading to a lack of adequate circulatory filling, reduced organ blood flow and organ damage (Brown & Edwards, 2013; Craft, Gordon, Huether, Tiziani, McCance, & Brashers, 2013; Plenderleith, 2007).

There are two hormones in the body that contribute to the control of urine volume of composition: aldosterone and vasopressin. Vasopressin, also known as antidiuretic hormone, acts on principal cells to promote water reuptake back into the body. This results in concentrated urine because most of the water is reabsorbed back into the blood. Fluid deprived subjects stimulated more vasopressin in order to retain as much water as possible in order to prevent dehydration as much as possible. As the blood volume in the fluid deprived subjects decreased, ADH was stimulated to increase water reabsorption by the principal cells into the blood stream to decrease the urine flow rate. Since ADH results in concentrated urine, there will be more ions present

“About 70% of all American women use tampons. On average, a woman will use between 11,000and 16,000 tampons in her lifetime”(Kounang). Nearly every person born as a biological female experiences menstruation, more commonly referred to as a period, for one week out of the month, with the typical period lasting 7 days and recurring after 28 days. The aforementioned tampons and sanitary pads are the most common devices to combat periods, but there is a general lack of regulation surrounding these products. To make women aware of the products that are an integral part of their daily lives, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) should require companies to list all ingredients in feminine hygiene products, and the FDA should put warnings on products

The present study evaluated the profiles of patients with cardiogenic shock and the prognostic role of HsCRP. Our study showed a mortality rate of 24% following cardiogenic shock. Statistically significant association exists between age, females aged more than 50 years, anterior wall myocardial infarction, diabetic patients, prognosis, ejection fraction and TIMI score with HsCRP. HsCRP significantly higher in patients who died of cardiogenic shock.