Implications Of The El Greco Fallacy : Perceptions And Influenceptions

The way we perceive objects depends on different things. One thing that changes the way we view things is monocular depth cues. Monocular depth cues are cues on depth perception that are accessible only to one eye at a time. There are actually a couple of different monocular depth cues. The ones that I will cover will be size constancy, aerial perspective, linear perspective, and texture gradient. Size constancy refers to the tendency to perceive an object or objects as the same size regardless of it being near or far. For example, the imagineers at Walt Disney World use this with their Christmas tree to make it appear bigger. At the bottom of the tree, they place ornaments that are huge. Since people see the huge ornaments at the bottom of

Judgment is a fundamental function of the human brain. On a daily basis one judges their peers for their actions, whether it be good or bad. In the novel, Monster by Walter Dean Myers, a young boy named Steve Harmon is put on trial for felony murder; he shares his experiences of what is going on throughout the case and how he is being perceived by his peers. The jury has to make a decision, marking Harmon guilty or not guilty. The jury must make a judgment about him, about who he is. Evidently, it is revealed that judgment is determined by one’s traits, actions, and appearance.

In one experiment, involving various bad smells, it was noted that the participants that had been exposed to a mild-stink or strong-stink smell were more severe in their moral judgements than participants exposed to no bad smell. In all four experiments, the same results were obtained, participants that felt disgust were likely to be more severe in their judgments. This paper concludes that participants who believe in their intuitions were often tricked by outside forces, such as a bad smell. Noting this phenomenon, the paper suggests that self-awareness of these outside factors can help mitigate their effect. However, they also suggest it is not wise to completely remove somatic markers. In one study, the patients were not able to incorporate feelings and sensations into their decision making; as a result, the patients were unable to come to conclusions on any simple subject matter. The paper concludes that it is ok to rely on these intuitions even if they can be easily influenced, but it also says we must be aware of factors that can distort our intuitions. By following this methodology, one can mitigate making biased decisions due to his or her

The first topic that both authors discussed was that we can shape our perception. In

ABSTRACT: The aim of this paper is to defend a broad concept of visual perception, according to which it is a sufficient condition for visual perception that subjects receive visual information in a way which enables them to give reliably correct answers about the objects presented to them. According to this view, blindsight, non-epistemic seeing, and conscious visual experience count as proper types of visual perception. This leads to two consequences concerning the role of the phenomenal qualities of visual experiences. First, phenomenal qualities are not necessary in order to see something, because in the case of blindsight, subjects can see objects without experiences phenomenal

Have you ever heard of a person being convicted because of a witness testimony of events that didn’t actually happen? In many cases, a person is wrongly convicted because an eyewitness does not correctly remember what happened. In some situations, this is because the witness lied to authorities, but in other situations it is because of a false or modified memory. Memories are created all the time, but they are not always accurate. We conclude our past from information that we store in our brains, but we also create memories from what we have expected, seen, heard, or imagined.

Allport, Postman (1947) and Loftus (1974) also support Bartlett’s idea of reconstructive memory. Loftus mainly focused on the reliability of eyewitness testimonies. As done in this experiment, Loftus and Palmer conducted a study on the effects of wording a question differently and how that would affect the answer. In the experiment the researchers used two different verbs on two different test groups. One was “contact” the other was “smashed”. The effect of this was a change in the speed estimated by the participants. The verb “contact” gave an average speed of 32mph while the verb “smash” gave an average of 41 mph in the experiment conducted by Loftus. There is a positive correlation between word use and how memory is retrieved because of it.

False memory can be defined as a person believing they remember something that did not actually happen (Loftus, 1997). It is a common misconception that human memories are accurate and reliable (Poston, 2014), though many studies have revealed the reconstructive nature of memory and its vulnerability to distortion (e.g., Frenda, Nichols, & Loftus, 2011; Nash & Wade, 2008). This misconception forms an integral part of the modern justice system. Judges, attournies and juries are all prone to believe testimony from a confident eyewitness (Van Wallendael et al., 2007) and legal confessions are considered among the most compelling forms of evidence (e.g., Cutler, 2012; Kassin, Bogart, & Kerner, 2012). But what happens when these legal statements are based on false memories?

In his paper “The Grand Grand Illusion Illusion,” Jonathan Cohen argues against research in favor of a grand illusion of visual perception. Cohen identifies several interpretations of the grand illusion hypothesis and notes the requirements that must be met in order for any of the proposed interpretations to be a valid explanation of the grand illusion. This paper will focus on Cohen’s argument against the grand illusion as an illusion of representational richness, and specifically on his argument for the condition of disconfirmation.

The Retrieval-induced Forgetting in an Eyewitness Paradigm article is based on an experiment done to test retrieval- induced forgetting. Even though research was done on this topic before, the authors took it one step forward to either prove or deny the theory of retrieval-induced forgetting. They wanted to see if repeated questioning would impact a witnesses’ ability to recall certain events or even specific details. This was done by showing subjects different slides of the aftermath of theft. They were then asked to recall selected details of what they saw several different times. Previous experiments have proven that there are both positive and negative effects to addressing

Cross-cultural differences in perception have been researched in psychology for many years. This type of research in perception enables psychologists to determine to what extent perception is controlled by the nervous system, and is thus universal, and to what extent perception is influenced by environmental factors and

Per the class lecture, top-down effect takes place when our attention is on specific details that we look for (Psych 240 lecture, 9/12/16). Thus, the other details in the environment, even though perceived by our sensory systems, are not strengthened by the top-down processing and so we overlook this perception. This concept was applied to the study’s methodology. If the hypothesis was proven, then it would become obvious that we actively perceive both the distractors and the target. Both signals are perceived by bottom-up processing and the factor that is a determinant in this study is whether both the target and distractor received the top-down processing or just the target letter received the top-down processing. The common thought has been that the target letter is the only one that receives top-down since participants know that they only need to focus on the middle letter. There was an expectation and knowledge of what to look for. Yet, during the experiment, when the target letters and the distractors look similar, the participants took a few milliseconds longer to analyze both before determining what was the target letter. The trend was obvious once all participants went through over 200 trials of

Day (1989) proposed that the cause of the Müller-Lyer illusion is conflicting cues. According to his theory, if participant's attention would be biased towards global processing then illusion's magnitude will be greater, as participant will focus on an overall picture cue. On the other hand, if participant's attention would be biased towards local processing, then the magnitude of the Müller-Lyer illusion magnitude will get smaller, since the observer will focus on the individual line length cue. Navon (1977) developed another method to bias global and local processing applying special stimuli. Navon stimuli contain categorized letters, consisted of a large letter which made up of many small letters. This way the letters could be processed either as a global form - large letter, or as a local - small letter comprising the large letter. By using this type of stimulus, Navon demonstrated that global processing is much faster than local processing1. Other researches has replicated these findings (DeLillo, Spinozzi, Palumbo, & Giustino, 2011; Fink et al., 1997;Hochstein & Ahissar, 2002; Paquet, 1992; Tanaka & Fujita, 2000; Wyer,

Similarly, both theories are supported by research. Lawson and Humphreys (1996), for example, showed that recognition is affected more by tilt of major axis (foreshortening) than any other rotation, which endorses Marr’s and Nishihara prediction that establishing a central axis is crucial to the process of recognition. Warrington and Taylor (1978) reported that brain damaged patients could recognize objects presented in a typical view only. These patients found difficult to say if two photographs presented simultaneously were the same object when one image was a typical view and the other an unusual view. Although this could be explained as the patient’s inability to transform a 2D version of the atypical view into a 3D model, it could also be due to difficulty in establishing the central axis or due to some features of the object being hidden. In a later study, Humphreys and Riddoch (1984) used images where either the axis had been foreshortened through rotation or a critical feature was hidden. They found that patients had more problems recognizing the images with a foreshortened axis than the ones where a critical feature was hidden. Their

Buckingham, Milne, Byrne and Goodale’s article, published in the eminent journal ‘Psychological Science’, focuses on the ability of echolocation and the credibility of it obtaining a ‘sensory substitution’ status. What comes with such a status, includes the testing of falling into perceptual ‘traps’. In this research, the authors are interested in whether echolocation, and its users, commit the ‘Size-Weight Illusion’. This is a visual perception trap whereby the perception of an object’s characteristics (size) can be influenced by its appearance (Charpentier, 1891). This notion is aptly condensed into an informative title “The Size-Weight Illusion induced through Human Echolocation” (p. 237).