Influences Of Parental Involvement

Over the past years, most studies on the educational success of a child have focused on the factors that are within the control of the child. They are factors that are directly caused by the child himself such as the level of motivation, discipline level, hard work and the company he keeps. Only a few researchers have focused on the role parents play in the determination of the success that children have in academics. Despite their role being obscure in the scholarly work, it is evident that the involvement of parents in a child’s education plays a significant in determining whether a child will succeed or not. While most scholars argue that a child’s education success is dependent on the level of hard work he or she puts in class, recent studies by different scholars point that a parent’s involvement in school plays a significant part in the education success of their children.

Collective research focusing on family-school partnerships provide an extensive examination of parent involvement. Smith et al., (2011) referred to parent involvement as school, family, and community partnerships for the purpose of shared expectations, responsibilities, interests, and correlating influences of family, school, and community. Epstein’s (2008) framework of parent involvement approached parent involvement typologies from an institutional perspective; the framework for this literature review was conducted with a parental perspective that may positively affect academic achievement among students in 6th – 12th grades attending high poverty, rural schools. An explanation of Epstein’s six categories of parent involvement follows:

Have you ever not wanted to get up to take your child to daycare? One would wanna open a daycare because they love children especially babies. One love’s taking care of them, loves seeing them laugh, fall over, playing, and explore. The career of opening a daycare is a enormous job ,due to the requirements, and the study of children at different stages. This research will describe the career of a daycare center, what is required to become a successful daycare teacher and the impact this career has on society

It is evident the messages of motherhood changed throughout the decades. In the 1950s the nuclear family was portrayed as the ideal family—mother, father and two children. It was during this decade in which the middle class was created. Mothers stayed at home to care for their children and the home. They were always nicely dressed, carried an immense smile and were ready to serve their husbands and children. I recognize the messages about motherhood being different from the 1950s to the 1960s in that the role of motherhood was socially influenced by women’s skin tone. Although slavery had ended—African Americans were yet to be free. White children from wealthy families were being raised by women of color while their mothers took care of solely

Daycare has been a Staple of our community since the mid-nineteen century.they provide working parents an opportunity to continue working while their children are being taken care of. Some parents prefer to stay home with their child which according to studies might be the more beneficial route. In this paper, I will discuss why daycares are bad for a child's development. Then I will discuss how it does not matter what parent stays home with the child.

According to “The Role of the father:Past, Present, and the Future” , “Industrialization in the 19th century changed the father's role, however. ‘The new economic structure separated the home and the work place, which led to a new fatherly ideal,’ said Morantz-Sanchez. ‘The men became the breadwinners, and the women stayed at home. This took childrearing out of the traditional male role.’” However from this stereotypical role, “ ‘The role of the father has changed again in this past century, as economic demands have pulled the mother into the workplace.’ According to Morantz-Sanchez, the family is moving towards a more democratic partnership, a move that took place largely in the last third of the 20th century. ‘A lot of this was stimulated by the feminist movement, which critiqued the absentee father and the obligations of the breadwinner for overburdening both the mother and the father.’” Motherhood today still follows the same ideals but with a lesser focus on domesticity.

. The quintessential Father figure of the early 20th century was characterized by being the main breadwinner and disciplinarian of the family. Although he viewed himself as a role model, he had very little involvement in the nurturing and caregiving of his children. However, as soon as this idea about the role of the father became the norm, it was already undergoing an immense amount of change. With the growing acceptance of feminist ideals, gender roles have become more neutral, and economic trends have brought higher levels of financial equality to woman over the years. Subsequently, contemporary parenting has begun to redefine the

At one time the parents and children worked together, they relied on each other to meet the needs of the family. Families were self-sufficient pre-industrialized. Children contributed to the economics of the family by working on the farm and were an asset to the family. The Industrial Revolution changed the needs and the roles of each individual in the family. Families went from being dependent on each other to being self-fulfilling. “It is believed that personal fulfillment contributes to high divorce rates, absent fathers and parents spending less time with their children .” Families moved closer to the factories and places of work. With the parents working outside of the home children were often left without supervision, moral guidance and a constant nurturer. This is an issue still today. Children are left home alone to raise themselves or perhaps even care for younger siblings. There is a need for

Skinner (1951) argues that the principles of operant conditioning can be used to produce extremely complex behaviour if rewards and punishments are delivered in such a way as to encourage a student to get closer to the desired behaviour. In order to do this, the conditions required to receive the reward should shift each time the student moves a step closer to the desired behaviour. Attention from parents is reinforcement, often used as a reward for good behaviour. However, if parents are not providing enough attention to a child then they may begin to seek attention in other areas, such as the classroom. Teachers often give more attention to a misbehaved child, so disruptive behaviour is a better strategy for attracting attention, resulting in Aiden being the centre of attention from the negative responses and punishment given by the teacher, the attention seeking behaviour is reinforced. Aiden should be rewarded with something he finds positive and each time his behaviour improves the rewards should shift in which he receives the reward. When the reinforcement of the desired behaviour is acknowledged by Aiden he will understand there will also be punishment for his

Teachers need to increase understanding about how, and why, parents construct their involvement in different ways. Parental involvement may also vary because of differences in ethnic and cultural backgrounds between parents and teachers. I believe that supporting parental involvement requires knowledge by school's staff on how to involve parents in their children's education.

A parent raising a child deals with a lot of operant conditioning if they know it or not. A parent is always trying to teach a child right and wrong. From operant conditioning

On the surface, although parental involvement does not seem to be high on the list of Green’s book, Practicing the Art of Leadership, for the purpose of long-term achievement, the recommendations have a purpose. That is- that the leaders should build trust so that individuals …pursue the goals that have been developed around a shared goal (p. 58). Our goal when implementing this plan is to raise not only achievement scores of our ELL learners, but to improve students’ growth and attainment of the language in the long run. Since both of those weaknesses affect the same population of students, we will seek to address both of those needs.

Prior to 1850, parent involvement was primarily at home because there was no formal American public school education implemented. Parental education included, and still includes, activities related to discipline, basic skills, work skills, ethics, and value inculcation. These educational activities were carried out privately within the family, rather than publicly through the use of public institutions (Berger, 1981). In 1850, there was a progression in public education. The United States leaders of the educational reforms were successful at making a compelling case to the American population of the importance to establish a public school system (“1850-1877: Education: Overview,” 1997). As the public education system changed there was a shift in parent involvement. Many parents felt as if they were loosing control over their children’s education. Therefore, parents were in an uproar, questioning their role in parent involvement within the public school educational system. Not too long after the emergence of the public school educational system, in 1879 the National Congress of Mothers was formed, which is formally known as the Parent Teacher Association (PTA) today. The National PTA is the oldest and largest volunteer association working exclusively on behalf of all children and youth. Although the PTA involves so much more than just parental involvement pertaining to a child’s success in school, there was a big push for parent

The behavioral perspective of development suggests that human development can be understood by observing how people behave in response to environmental stimuli. This theory denies distinct universal stages in development and insists that environmental factors influence how a person will change and adapt in their society. From this perspective, people will have positive developmental experiences if they grow up in a nurturing environment. B.F. Skinner introduced the operant conditioning theory which asserts that children develop in response to reinforcement or punishment (Feldman & Landry, 2014, p. 15). Reinforcement increases the likelihood of someone

This study looks to examine the impact of parental involvement on student motivation and academic achievement while focusing on urban communities. A mixed methods research design will be conducted in order to “explain, clarify, and extend results discovered through the use of “ (Mertler 2016) a longitudinal survey design, specifically a trend study. Since both quantitative and qualitative data will be collected on the same survey, the type of mixed methods research being conducted will be a convergent parallel design. The trend study will be used to “examine changes [on motivation and achievement] within a specifically identified population [of students in urban communities without parental involvement] over time.”