Ion Trapping

Absorption – “How the drugs enter the circulation process through the body, and how they resist general breakdown by the stomach, liver, and the intestines”. Some of the factors that affect the absorption of drugs in the body is as follows, “acidity of the stomach, Physiochemical properties, Presence of food in the stomach or intestine, and Routes of administration”,

Introduction: This experiment is going to test the ability of antacids and how they absorb acid to see which is a better buffer. An antacid neutralizes acid, and this helps the most with heartburn. Heartburn is where stomach acid is regurgitated back into the esophagus, and this causes a burning feeling in the chest (Oxford University Press, 2017). A buffer is a source of hydroxide ions that can absorb hydrogen ions, which in turn keeps the pH stable (Mader, 2017). In this experiment, the different antacids that are being tested to absorb the hydrogen ions from stomach acid are the buffers. The pH scale helps determine how acidic or basic a solution

The aspirin starts begins to dissolve by the enzymes and are soaked in while traveling down to the stomach. They then are distributed to the areas that need the pain relief.

Aspirin on its own is acidic and can act upon the stomach and intestines. With this kind of aspirin, the drug is mixed with an agent like calcium carbonate or magnesium oxide to facilitate passage through the stomach

It can be observed that the body requires a pH level measuring 7.35 to 7.45 on a pH scale of 0-14. The measure containing the greatest quantity of H+ ions and therefore the most acidic, is “0”. The measure contaioning the least concentration of H+ ions, being the most alkaline is “14”. The nutral point being about “7” on the scale. The body becomes too akaline when the pH level moves above 7.45. When the pH moves below 7.35 the body is too acidic. The acid base balance is disturbed by disease. Deth

Salicylic Acid is a common type of Acid used in the Medical world. This acid is used on the skin to treat common skin blemishes, acne, dandruff, corn, calluses, and hand and foot warts. Salicylic acid, will progressively peel off the wart, or reduce swelling, redness, and blocked pores for acne. Salicylic acid is a keratolytic agent. It works and acts like an aspirin. It works

"The main factor which relates to absorption of drugs is the route of administration. Physiological considerations in absorption are blood flow, total surface area, time of arrival of the drug and time of drug at absorption site. Other considerations for absorption are solubility, chemical stability and how soluble the drug is in lipids".

The pH of the blood plays an important role in the normal functioning of the body. Many of the physiological activities of the body are determined by the blood pH. It is very well known that the body is designed to operate within a very narrow pH range, optimally to be a little on the alkaline side with a blood pH of around 7.2-7.5 [1].Blood is considered as an important fluid of the body and hence it implies the necessity to protect the human blood from getting contaminated by external factors. The restriction of use of synthetic drugs has led to the emergence of natural

Oral controlled release and site specific drug delivery system has been of great interest in pharmaceutical field to achieve improved therapeutic advantage. Drug absorption in the gastrointestinal tract is a highly variable procedure and prolonging gastric retention of the dosage form extends the time for drug absorption. Gastro retentive drug delivery system is one of such novel approaches to prolong gastric residence time, thereby targeting site specific drug release in the stomach for local or systemic effects. This approach is useful particularly for the drugs which have narrow absorption window in the upper part of gastro intestinal tract. Various approaches of gastro retentive drug delivery system, such as floating and non-floating, have been discussed in this review. This review also gives an overview of merits, demerits and evaluation parameters of gastro retentive system.

Since ancient times different pharmaceutical formulations were used to deliver different drugs for treatment of various diseases, which played a role in saving the life of thousands of people. For example since discovery of oral rehydration sachets many lives have been saved from dehydration caused from severe diarrhea. Oral liquid preparations have been a preferable choice for many patients and provide better compliance than other dosage forms due to the easiness of administration.

This may be a consequence of the way that acids are put away in fat cells, and when the ph gets better adjusted with antacid sustenances, for example, vegetable squeezes, your body will relinquish fat cells and the acids they hold.

Diffusion- On contact with aqueous fluids in Gastro intestinal tract, water diffuses the interior of the particle. The drug dissolution occurs and drug solution diffuses across the external release coat. The diffusion principal shows release which depends on concentration and drug. It shows the zero order kinetics.

Patients are soften symptomatic at salicylate concentrations shigher than 40-50 mg/dL. Patients with ssalicylate sconcentrations approaching sor exceeding 100 mg/dL usually shave serious or life-threatening stoxicity. Patients with chronic spoisoning who have levels of 60 mg/dL or greater soften have serious toxicity. In overdoses, the peak serum sconcentration may not occur for 4-6 hours, so sconcentrations obtained before that time smay not reflect speak levels. levels from 15-30 mg/dL are sconsidered to be within the therapeutic range. Signs and symptoms sof toxicity begin sto appear at levels higher sthan 30 mg/dL. A 6-hour salicylate slevel higher sthan 100 mg/dL is considered spotentially lethal and is an indication for hemodialysis. Chronic singestion can increase sthe half-life to longer sthan 20

Salicylates are weak acids and well absorbed from the stomach and small intestine. Peak plasma salicylate levels occur in 15 to 20 minutes after ingestion of therapeutic doses, whereas with overdose peak serum salicylate concentrations are delayed and achieved after 4 to 6 hours due to bezoar formation and pylorospasm. Also, taking extended-release, enteric-coated preparations delay absorption and peak concentrations. Approximately, 80 to 90 percent of salicylate is protein-bound, mainly albumin, and distributed throughout body tissues. In the case of overdose, however, patient will experience an increase in the free fraction of salicylate in the plasma and the amount of drug reaching the tissues will be enhanced due to the saturation of protein-binding sites. At physiologic pH, which is 7.40, most salicylate molecules are ionized and if the pH is 3, 50% of the drug will be nonionized. A decrease in the systemic pH produce more nonionized lipophilic molecules that can cross cellular membranes, including the blood–brain barrier and

Drug delivery is the process by which a pharmaceutical drug is delivered to the patient to provide medical treatment to ameliorate the well-being of the patient and prolong their lifespan. While pharmaceutical drugs have shown to be of great aid in the treatment of patients injecting foreign compounds throughout the entire body can be hazardous and cause unforeseen consequences. The side effects of some drugs are can prove to be life-threatening if consumed irregularly and even under the best conditions drugs can still have nasty side-effects. To try and solve this issue biomedical engineers have designed several drug delivery systems to combat this issue. There were three main factors that were considered to minimize the damage done by pharmaceutical drugs. The first thing that was needed to be done was to increase the drug acting period and this was generally achieved by linking the drug with macromolecules or encapsulating the drug within a polymer. The next major contribution was to enhance the targeting ability of the drug so the drug found the site of action instead of spreading itself randomly throughout the body; this was done mainly through the use of linking the drug with an antibody and ligand so it would react to the a certain type of cell as well as avoid natural defenses placed by the host’s body. After the drug reached the site of action the release of the drug needed to be controlled at the action site (such as tissues/organs) and this was done through