Kaufman, Sternberg, And Sternberg's Theory Of Successful Intelligence

What is intelligence exactly? Intelligence is the ability to acquire and apply knowledge and skills or “the ability to learn and understand things to

Gottfredson, (1997) stated that intelligence is ‘a very general mental capability that, among other things, involves the ability to reason, plan, solve problems, think abstractly, comprehend complex ideas, learn quickly and learn from experience.

Howard Gardner defines intelligences as “the biopsychological potential to process information that can be activated in a cultural setting to solve problems or create products that are of value in a culture”

Much of it is how one interprets the meaning of intelligence and how to use it to its fullness. The chapter titled, " The Trouble with Geniuses, Part 2" shows that analytical intelligence doesn't give one a better chance at being successful if he or she can't express it to the world. Instead, the chapter focused on practical intelligence or "knowing how to do something without necessarily knowing why you know it or being able to explain it" (Gladwell 101). The ability to communicate with people and adapt to the problem regardless of situations is much better than having a high IQ score. It is essential to be able to navigate through life obstacle and only those who willing to express themselves to the world can change the

Intelligence by definition is “the ability to acquire and apply knowledge and skills” (Oxford Dictionary, 2014). However, many psychologists argue that there is no standard definition of ‘intelligence’, and there have been many different theories over time as psychologists try to find better ways to define this concept (Boundless 2013). While some believe in a single, general intelligence, others believe that intelligence involves multiple abilities and skills. Another largely debated concept is whether intelligence is genetically determined and fixed, or whether is it open to change, through learning and environmental influence. This is commonly known as the nature vs. nurture debate.

A big argument is that the word “Intelligence” has not been defined in its full context yet. Therefore, when a thing has not been understood properly then how can we design measures to gauge them. Walter Lippmann a journalist from the 1920s said: “We cannot measure intelligence when we have not defined it.” And I totally agree to it because to this day we have not decided upon the characteristic of intelligence. It contains very many things and to narrow it down to a few would be like being biased. Many characteristic has been defined, but many to this day remain unknown or unexplainable. Jean Piaget has said that intelligence us never stagnant it grows and develops as

Intelligence is most important in today's society. Some individuals have high intelligence, some have low intelligence. An appropriate environment plays an important role in the development of a child’s intelligence. Stephen Jay Gould exchanged many views on intelligence in his book The Mismeasure of Man

Fischhoff, B., & Chauvin, C. 2011. Intelligence analysis : behavioral and social scientific foundations. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.

In On Intelligence, Jeff Hawkins hypothesizes a system of human intelligence based on memory, predictions, and pattern matching in what he calls a “memory-prediction framework.” Because he studied and worked in computer science, rather than neuroscience, Hawkins has a unique perspective and writes in terms that are accessible to someone from a non-neurological background or standpoint and often analogous to computer architecture, making the subject matter relatable to the interested layman. However, though he offers a plausible structure of the brain that mostly aligns with current thinking, he does not take into account important recent research, omitting neurologically developments that have been accepted by the scientific community. The main difference that he offers, between traditional approaches to artificial intelligence and his thinking, is the importance of drawing on memory (and associated learned patterns and processes) versus computation. He discusses at length a hierarchical system of the brain, but leaves out two very important components to that system: the thalamus and hypothalamus. He also draws broad conclusions without discussing specific mechanisms for how they are achieved, so his theory is not entirely sound, though it could prove to be. Also, possibly because of his background, and not being immersed in the world of biological science, he is able to critique areas of neuroscience and artificial intelligence with interesting points about each. The book

Psychologist Robert Sternberg believed there is more to an individual's intelligence than what is measured by an IQ or Standardized test, “We are too hung up on what gets you a good grade rather than what gets you to your field”(An Evolving Field). In the 1980’s Sternberg formulated the “Triarchic Theory of Intelligence” that consists of “three distinct forms of intelligence: analytical, practical, and creative”(page 300 Text). Each form of intelligence is an asset to an individual's social and cultural environment yet in society not everyone recognizes each intelligence's. The educational system focuses on analytical intelligence mainly from standardized testing to view students intelligence's in the common core subjects such as Mathematics and English. However, Sternberg argues tests such as the SAT or ACT can’t determine an accurate measurement of a student's intelligence. For instance these test are used for colleges to not only gain entry but to see what students know academically and at times

The intelligences that were listed above are not the only ones, there are many of them out there. Linguistic intelligence would be used by a poet, logical-mathematical intelligence would be used by a scientist, musical intelligence would be used by a musician, spatial intelligence would be used by an airplane pilot, bodily kinesthetic intelligence would be used by an athlete, interpersonal intelligence would be used by a car salesman, and intrapersonal intelligence would be used by somebody that likes to be by themselves. Knowing what each of these intelligences mean can get a person started on a positive track to know exactly how that person learns. Learning something new every day is key to gaining knowledge about something and expanding the way a person thinks. Having studies and test done by experts can give anyone the basis on where to start.

When a person utters the word “intelligence,” people tend to think of a genius like Albert Einstein developing some obscure equation that the great majority of the population will never understand. The problem with the definition of intelligence is that people relate intelligence to words like “genius” which require intelligence but do not have the same definition as intelligence. Often, people try to use related words to define intelligence, but these words are unable to define intelligence since many are only different levels of intelligence. While many definitions try to encompass the meaning of intelligence and various definitions describe a small part of intelligence, no definition completely explains intelligence, because

Intelligence can be defined in many different ways. This concept has been the focus of numerous studies and investigations by psychologists and other scientific experts. Intelligence can be the mental ability to reason, plan ahead, understand a wide range of complex issues and learn from past experiences (Gottfredson, 1997). Intelligence is the “resultant of the process of acquiring, storing in memory, retrieving, combining, comparing, and using in new contexts information and conceptual skills” (Humphreys, 1979)

Intelligence is the mental capacity to learn and use knowledge in different situations, which in this case is learning the in the classroom, and can affect how well a student performs in a certain class. Intelligence also has a biological foundation, which means that the potential for a child to reach full mental capacity is determined by his or her genetics. However, intelligence is not completely biologically deterministic because the nurturing of the child can also affect how intelligent he or she can become, which can also take part in the classroom. Students have their strengths and weaknesses in certain subject areas and it is believed that if merit pay is implemented, and this is taken into consideration when learning the classroom, then their performance will increase. The idea of strengths and weaknesses in certain subject areas is supported by previous research done by Howard Gardner on multiple intelligences. He has defined eight distinct intelligences that can determine these strengths and weaknesses in the classroom. These intelligences include: linguistic, being word smart, naturalist, being nature smart, musical, being sound smart, visual-spatial, being picture smart, bodily-kinesthetic, being body smart, interpersonal, being people smart, intrapersonal, being self smart, and logical-mathematical, being pattern smart (Myers & Dewall, 2015). In the classroom, the intelligences that would be focused on a lot are logical-mathematical, linguistic, musical, and

Simply put, a situation in which intelligence shines could easily be absolutely any situation. When taxes need to be done an individual of logical-mathematical intelligence could be of great assistance. If a situation arises where a book needs to be read aloud to a class of kindergarten students, someone with linguistic intelligence would be ideal for the job (Lynch, L. 2005). To answer what needs to be understood in order to be classified as intelligent, reference to Howard Gardner’s Multiple Intelligence theory would be in order. When each type of intelligence type is studied, it becomes apparent that an individual could understand almost any one topic fully and become intelligent. If someone knows all about the flute, they are intelligent. If someone can tell you everything about computer programming, they are intelligent. If someone can summarize a book they have just read, they are intelligent.