Kingdom 3 Domains

Eukaryotes are more closely related to Archaea. They both share certain structural similarites that are not seen in bacteria. These similarites include introns, histones, several types of RNA polymerase, and methionine as the first amino acid in protein synthesis. Also, the comparison of nucliec acid sequences shows greater similarity between archaea and eukaryotes. Other evidence shows that the enzymes involved in processes such as transcription and translation are more closely related to in Eukaryotes and Archaea compared to bacteria. In both archaea and eukayotes replication takes place in multiples origin of replication sites compared to that of bacteria which replication only takes place in one origin of replication site. All of this evidence

One of the most well know historical periods of Ancient China is the era of the Three Kingdoms, which records the period to some of the most well-known historical figures, heroes, and their complex yet intriguing relationships. The Three Kingdoms was a period of unrest, and battles which initiated in 220AD, when Wei replaced the Eastern Han Dynasty, and lasted until the reunification of lands in 280AD. Towards the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the emperor was losing power and influence, which led to the inability for Eastern Han to unite the whole land. At the same time, the country was in anarchy as groups of warriors were uprising and rebelling against Eastern Han, proclaiming themselves emperor. However, these powers were too weak to claim

A) max 8 pts combined (4 pts max each part – Part a is looking for “copy and distribute”)

In the 1990s, further research in comparative genomics of bacteria and archea showed that in prokaryotic genomes, a majority of genes were acquired

Introduction: Almost every place on Earth, from the surface of your skin to the bottom of the ocean, is teeming with living things. To keep track of the vast diversity of life, biologists historically named and classified organisms according to their appearance. The system of categorizing organisms is

The Gram-positive cell wall is composed of peptidoglycans, a thick layer of protein-sugar complexes taking up 60-90% of their cell wall. Peptidoglycan is composed of two glucose derivatives, N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetylglucosamine alternated and cross-linked by tetrapeptides that is composed of L-alanine, D-glutamine, L-lysine

First things first, taxonomy is the identification, description and the naming or nomenclature of organisms. The two domains are Bacteria and Archaea. Archaea is most related animals and plants also metabolic pathways. Bacteria most related to human pathogens and soil or dirt. The Domains are put together by genetic characteristics. Where Archaea for the most part are primitive and are adapted for extreme habitats and modes for nutrition we can see some similarities, with bacteria that also can live in extreme environments like thermal vents. The two might be cut from the same cloth and both are needed for life on earth to happen the most looked at for us is bacterial because that is the most harmful to

Bacteria and Archaea are prokaryotic, which are mostly single-celled incomplex microorganisms. Both Bacteria and Archaea have a variety of prokaryotes classified in multiple kingdoms (Reece, et al., Campbell Biology, 2014). There are a number of scientists who believe that Archaea cells may be the precursor to Eukaryotic cells and that they have more in common with Eukaryotes than Prokaryotes (Madigan, Martinko, & Dunlap, 2009).

The diagram on Figure 3-1 demonstrates a tree-like structure or web with several different branches going in multiple directions. The top of the tree lists the three domains of life and specific kingdoms or groups within each domain. These groups are put together because they contain similar characteristics that define them to a specific domain. In the middle of the figure there are many arrows intertwining signifying that each of the groups within the domain are somehow related to each other and may share some of the characteristics from another domain. Finally, the bottom of the structure demonstrates the cut off web that arose from the same direction, proposing they each are derived from a common ancestor. The cladogram is a much different structure that demonstrates the three domains of life and their relationship through detailed characteristics that they share or make them unique.

Horizontal gene transfer occurs when genes are exchanged between species on different evolutionary routes instead of vertically from parent to offspring. This can be expressed from a tangled web of life over a cladogram. When comparing my cladogram from table 3-1 to figure 3-1, many differences and similarities can be seen. In contrast, my cladogram is a completely straight and increasing line with three different domains of life as terminal taxon and separated with various characteristics. It also shows how some domains, like bacteria, has autopomorphic traits while other traits can be synapomorphic between the three groups. My cladogram also shows Domain Bacteria as the outgroup whereas Domain Archaea and Eukarya are the in-group being studied. It includes nodes and terminal branches and shows which domains evolved more recently than the other or how closely they are related to each other. However, in the web of life, it does not specify what characteristics separated each domain. Instead, each branch ends with a different kingdom that can be classified into the three domains and its branches crisscrosses to express horizontal gene transfer.

Bacteria have several different types of pili, known and classified based on their structure and assembly. Similarly, archaea have different appendages that

Cell wall of bacteria contains rigid and complex structure which maintains the cytoplasm of cell gives structural integrity and prevents osmotic lysis. Both Garm positive and Gram negative bacteria contain a carbohydrate complex structure called Peptidoglycan also called Muerin. The layer is thicker in Gram positive bacteria whereas in Gram negative bacteria the peptidoglyacan layer is thinner; moreover this is protected by an outer membrane layer called Lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The Peptidoglycan consists of two monomers called N-Acetylglucosamine(NAG) and N-Acetylmuramic acid(NAM). These two carbohydrate containing monomers are linked by glycosidic linkages. A pentapeptide bond attaches to NAM which gives crosslinkage and rigidity to the layer.

Eukaryotes come in two grades of organization: single-celled (protists) and multicellular (plants, animals, and fungi). The world today is full of complex multicellular plants and animals: how, why, and when did they evolve from protists?

In all areas of biology, it is easy to see that structure is related to function. This statement holds true in microbiology as well, the study of microorganisms, including bacteria. One characterizing feature of bacteria is the cell wall, which can generally (although not in all situations) be categorized into one of two categories: either Gram positive or Gram negative. Gram positive bacteria’s cell walls are composed of a large peptidoglycan layer (up to 90% of their cell wall). Within this large peptidoglycan layer, one can find techoic acids, which contribute to the maintenance of cell wall structure, and lipotechoic acids, which attach to membrane lipids. Gram positive bacteria that act as pathogens can also potentially release exotoxins, which can have very dangerous effects on humans. Gram negative bacteria, on the other hand, have a very small layer of peptidoglycan in their cell wall, which is surrounded by an outer membrane. Within the outer membrane, one can find the lipopolysaccharide layer, which is one of the most distinguishing factors of Gram-negative bacteria. It is important to note that Gram negative bacteria fail to possess techoic

Although both Archaeal and bacterial cells possess flagella for motility, the composition of each organism’s flagellum is very different. In bacterial cell, the flagellum is composed of a basal body, external protein filaments both are joined together by a third component called the hook.(Bacteria Flagella David Gene Morgan , Shahid Khan). In Archaeal, the protein filament is polymerised, glycosylated and very much thinner. The Archaeal flagellum is believed to be similar to the bacteria IV pilus in structure.(www.uniprot.org/keywords/974).