Lab Report On Unknowns

Smith, R. J., Kilaru, A. S., Perrone, J., Paciotti, B., Barg, F. K., Gadsden, S. M., & Meisel, Z. F.

Beitler, J. R., Guérin, C., Ayzac, L., Mancebo, J., Bates, D. M., Malhotra, A., & Talmor, D.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a gram negative, rod-shaped bacteria, almost all strains of P. aeruginosa are motile (single polar flagella). The bacteria is capable of adapting to and therefore thriving in many different ecological environments (from water and soil to plant and animals) it also can utilize a variety of organic compounds as food sources, giving it the ability to colonize in places where nutrients are limited. It can cause a range of infections from pneumonia to the most serious cystic fibrosis. P. aeruginosa can form a biofilm that allows the bacteria to form a resistance to antibiotics. To this day there are conferences, websites, and microbiologists committed to the research and discovery of P. aeruginosa in the fight to discover and learn more about the bacteria and ways to fight its biofilm.

The identification of the unknown began with a gram-negative result during the gram stain testing; gram-negative results are pink in color, because the structure of the cell does not hold Gram’s crystal violet stain as well as gram-positive bacteria does. Gram-positive bacteria are purple in color, compared to the pink in the gram-negative cells because of the safranin. The unknown, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, was a gram-negative aerobe, which was the first piece of evidence used to narrow down to the identification of the unknown. The morphology of the unknown was short rods organized in pairs, and they were about 1 micrometer wide and 3 micrometers long. It also showed true motility, which

Baysan, M., Woolard, K., Cam, M. C., Zhang, W., Song, H., Kotliarova, S., . . . Fine, H. A.

aeruginosa is a Gram-negative bacterium capable of surviving in a wide range of environments. It is an opportunistic pathogen and it is commonly associated with nosocomial infections and infections of severely burned individuals, and are a leading cause of death in severe respiratory infections1. In particular, P. aeruginosa is the leading cause of chronic pulmonary infections and mortality in cystic fibrosis (CF) patients2. Infections with P. aeruginosa are difficult to eradicate, due to their high levels of antibiotic resistance and growth in biofilms3.

P. aeruginosa is a ubiquitous agent found in many diverse environmental sites, and it can be isolated from many living sources, including plants, animals, and humans. P. aeruginosa persists in both community and hospital environments because of its ability to survive on minimal nutritional requirements and to tolerate a variety of physical conditions. In the hospital, it can be isolated from a variety of sources, including respiratory therapy equipment, soap, antiseptics, sinks, mops, medicines, and physiotherapy and hydrotherapy pools. Community reservoirs of this organism include swimming pools, hot tubs, contact lens solution, home humidifiers, whirlpools, soil and rhizosphere, and vegetables . P. aeruginosa is occasionally a member of the

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a common soil organism, has frequently been isolated from lesions in animal and human, and are also an important zoonotic agent, which can be implicated in animal and human infectious disease. Infection caused by P. aeruginosa are often severe and are difficult to treat because P. aeruginosa are increasingly resistant to certain antimicrobial agents, and this organism may acquire

Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a gram-negative, catalase, citrate, and oxidase positive, recognized by producing a blue green fluorescent pigment that commonly isolated from soil and water, water containing these bacteria can also contaminate food, and pharmaceutical products (Walker et al., 2004). It was reported that water with suboptimal levels of chlorine can collaborate the survival of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Shrivastava and Upreti, 2004). Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a pathogen capable of infecting both animals and humans , it is responsible for about 28% of bacteremia episodes, also a main cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with cystic fibrosis (Al-Daraghi and Wathiq Abbas , 2013) .

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen responsible for severe gram-negative infections in several body systems. While it rarely infects healthy individuals, this microorganism is responsible for acute and chronic diseases in patients with compromised immune systems.1-3 Acute diseases involve pneumonia,4 while chronic infections include cystic fibrosis,5,6 which are complicated and can often be life-threatening. Numerous factors enabling infections to occur, such as the biotoxins released by this bacterium, are documented.7-9 However, little is known about which signals cause Pseudomonas aeruginosa to acquire a pathogenic character. Monitoring the production of these signals could provide further understanding about the opportunistic

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic human pathogen and one of the leading causes of nosocomial infections worldwide [1]and causes a variety of infections especially

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen which infects virtually all tissues, can also infect immune-compromised individuals and involved in hospital acquired infections . Burn patients, mechanically ventilated patients, and cystic fibrosis (CF) patients are more vulnerable to P. aeruginosa infections. It is responsible for morbidity and mortality in patients with cystic fibrosis . P. aeruginosa infections in hospitals are widely spread in intensive care units and those patients having catheterization, burn, and/or chronic illnesses. This bacterial species contain a variety of virulence factors that contribute to its pathogenicity. It also has other virulence factors such as exotoxin A, exoenzyme S, and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)

In conclusion unknown number fifty-four is a part of the Enterobacteriaceae family. The unknown is Enterobacter asburiae. Although there were bacteria in which the result was not known of the each test, Enterobacter asburiae best fit the characteristics tested based off what was available via Bergey’s Manual. According to Koth, Boniface, Chancem and Hanes, E. asburiae is one of the bacteria that help with the digestión of food that is normally found in the body and is an opportunist infection (2012). E. asburiae is found in food, wáter, and soil( Koth, et al., 2012). sold According to the Center for Diesease Control and Prevention (CDC), enterobacteriaceae family cause respiratory infections, and uirany tract infections. Most cases caused

In the United States, there are many organisms which are much too small for a human to see with their naked eye, a microscope is needed to view them. These organisms are called microorganisms and can be very helpful in our environment, and even in our bodies. Some microorganisms however, can be extremely harmful, even fatal if a human comes in contact with them. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) one example of these harmful microorganisms is Pseudomonas Aeruginosa. P. aeruginosa causes over 51,000 infections in hospitals every year, and about 6,000 of those are infections caused by P. aeruginosa which is multidrug resistant (2013). A multidrug resistant P. aeruginosa is a serious threat and the CDC is working diligently to decrease infections and prevent them from occurring because this particular microorganism is resistant to almost all, or all antibiotics (CDC, 2013).

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is characterized by aerobic, gram negative, motile, non-spore forming bacilli (rods).1 A trait that differentiates P. aeruginosa from other gram-negative bacteria is the fact that it produces indophenol oxidase, which is an enzyme that renders them positive in an oxidase test.1 The type of flagella this organism is known to possess is called a polar flagella, meaning a single flagellum at one pole of the rod.1 This means the motility of the organism is quite limited and can travel only in one direction. In spite of this, the single flagellum, as well as the presence of pili, are major contributions to the motility of Pseudomonas aeruginosa.1 The Pseudomonas genus, the genus from which P. aeruginosa originates from, is known to be an environmental bacteria; hence why this organism is very common in soil, water, and even fresh fruits and vegetables.1 A common characteristic of environmental bacteria, P. aeruginosa being of no exception, is the ways in which they grow. P. aeruginosa grows and thrives in biofilms which are groups of adhering bacteria in aqueous environments. These biofilms eventually begin to produce a slimy substance resembling glue which allows them to spread and stick to other materials/locations. Not only does P. aeruginosa require minimal nutritional requirements, but the entire Pseudomonas genus type does as well.1 Due to P. aeruginosa (usually) only needing acetate as carbon and ammonia as nitrogen,