Lithium Ion Batteries And Its Effects

2. ALTERNATIVE FUELS - ETHANOL & THE ALKANOLS 3. REDOX CHEMISTRY & BATTERIES 4. RADIOACTIVITY & ITS USES

Every year it is estimated that 1.8 million batteries are not properly disposed of. When this happens, it poses a major threat to the ecosystem. Heavy metals used in batteries are toxic to humans and they can leach into our water system. Lead and nickel-cadmium (Nd-CD) can only enter the human body by inhalation or ingestion, but mercury can even be absorbed through the skin. Federal and state laws and regulations have been implemented and enforced to ensure heavy metal batteries are properly disposed of and recycled.

The doping iron increases the capacity of batteries, but this diminishes with extensive cycling. The detrimental effect of iron can be avoided by annealing. Ruthenium is another transition metal which can be used as a dopant which enhances the stability of the crystal structure. It also increases conductivity and improve performance of the battery. Chromium is another transition metal that can be used as a dopant. It reduces the ordering of lithium ions in LiMn2O4 spinel and this stabilizes the spinel structure. It also increases capacity retention during cycling. Zinc is used as a dopant in cathode materials as it has a stabilizing effect on the crystal structure. Addition of Zinc oxide also prevents reaction between the electrode and electrolyte. Titanium along with cobalt also acts as a stabilizer and also reduces dissolution of electrodes. Zirconium reduces reactivity levels between the electrode and the electrolyte and performs the same function as titanium by stabilizing the crystal structure. Aluminium is one of the most commonly used dopants in cathode materials. It performs the function of increasing capacity of the electrodes. The addition of aluminium improves electrode kinetics, structural modifications and microstructural effects. Some of the other dopants include Magnesium and Lathanum which increases the lattice parameter and improves the stability of the crystal structure and also

While lithium batteries are not specifically included or exempted in the hazardous waste regulations, these batteries have some characteristics of toxic hazardous wastes. The reason for the uncertainty regarding the toxic characteristics of lithium batteries is because they can be effectively disposed as non-hazardous waste by discharging them fully. When completely charged or partially discharged, lithium batteries can be regarded as reactive hazardous waste due to the considerable amounts of un-reacted lithium in the battery ("Product Sheet", 2007).

A lot of information from different sources was gathered with the purpose of comparing different Li-ion batteries mechanisms, cathode and anode materials, structure and fabrication procedures, and their respective advantages and disadvantages.

b) Recycling household and car batteries keeps heavy metals such as mercury, lithium and cadmium from being released into our air and water. Heavy metals, when consumed by people and other animals, cause numerous health problems and diseases.

Upon arrival, I was directed to a large truck they had parked directly in front

An advantage of this mineral is that it has high energy density, this means the battery will be able to live and last much longer the usual batteries. There are many types electronic equipment starting from power tools to electric car. These applications need a much higher energy density. An issue with batteries and cells is that they lose their charge over time, this is a major issue. Lithium’s cell rate of self-discharge is much lower compared to any other rechargeable battery cells. Some rechargeable batteries need to be primed when they receive their first charge but, with lithium batteries there is no

The shipment of lithium-ion batteries on passenger carrying aircrafts have been banned and are only shipped in cargo aircraft. The Rechargeable Battery Association has been opposed to this banned. They claim it will disrupt the supply of the batteries around the world. That should be overlooked, because safety should be the number one priority (Lowy). The top pilot union is calling for a ban of all battery shipments. This might be practical until a better solution can be found, but it is not a permeant one. Captain Chuck Dyer, a FedEx pilot, is fighting for regulations that all fire suppression systems in cargo bays are updated and are able to put lithium-ion battery related fires out very quickly or stop them from even start (Lester). The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) is working hard to implement new shipping standards companies have to meet to prevent fires. The FAA and Commercial Aviation Safety Team are working together to create ways to make lithium-ion fires not likely to happen and reduce the severity if the to happen. The NTSB has issued multiple recommendations to the FAA to help increase the safety of transporting the batteries (NTSB). Safety precautions include labeling the containers with the batteries in them. The airline should separate the batteries from other flammable items in the cargo bay. The number of lithium-ion batteries should also be limited on each flight so the chances of a

With the rise in the aging population, there has been an increase in demand for implanted medical devices, such as pacemakers. Approximately, 70% to 80% of all pacemakers are implanted in people 65 years old or over (Bradshaw, Stobie, knuiman, & Briffa, 2014). Lithium batteries have dominated as the main source of energy for implantable medical devices. The limitations of lithium batteries have become apparent. The batteries have a limited energy capacity; therefore, this limits its use in smaller devices, which in terms reduces its lifetime. Due to the short lifetime of these batteries, they must be replaced every-so-often (Rasouli & Phee, 2010). The need to replace and recharge batteries leads to surgeries and discomfort for

Another problem is the emissions of harmful substances besides just exhaust. “Nickel-hydride batteries are responsible for higher sulfur oxide emissions, roughly 22 pounds (10 kilograms) per hybrid compared with 2.2 pounds (about 1 kilogram) for a conventional vehicle” (HowStuffWorks:

Since the 18650 cell is the fundamental building block of the battery pack, it is important that it

Other types of batteries such as the high drain lithium ones are becoming popular due to the increasing use of electronic devices.

Globally, 78% of mobile phone users have a smartphone (Close-Up Media, Inc, “Deloitte Report: Mobile Consumers Check Phones over 80 Billion Times a Day Globally.”). Lithium ion batteries, which were introduced by Sony in the early 1990s, are the most common battery to be used in smartphones and other mobile devices due to their high levels of efficiency, their lightweight design, and their ability to be recharged (Hock, “Power Up”). As a result of worldwide demand for lithium ion batteries, mobile technology producers, such as Microsoft and Apple, are dependent on the acquisition of cobalt—a key element in the manufacturing of lithium ion batteries—at the lowest price possible. In their quest for low prices, these companies purchase cobalt from cobalt producers that mine in impoverished areas which lack workplace regulations that ensure safety and fair treatment of laborers. One of the preeminent cobalt suppliers in the world is a Chinese company named Zhejiang Huayou Cobalt, and this firm receives a vast amount of cobalt from a Congo-based subsidiary called Congo DongFang International Mining. A majority of the world’s cobalt, 60%, is mined in the Congo (Frankel, "This Is Where Your Smartphone Battery Begins.").

ABSTRACT The aim of this study is to present a Gibbs Energy model to calculate the thermodynamic properties of LiBr-H2O solution with the concentration range from 0 to 70 LiBr wt%. and temperate from 0 to 2100C in vapour absorption