Lung Cancer Research Paper

What are lung cancers? Lung cancers are the abnormal cells which grow in uncontrolled manner in one or both lungs. They do not function as normal lung cells and do not develop into healthy lung tissue. The abnormal cells can grow, form tumours and interfere with the normal functions of the lung (Lungcancer.org, 2015). Lung cancers can be divided into two major types, namely non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLC) and small cell lung cancers (SCLC). NSCLC can be further classified into three main subtypes, namely adenocarcinoma, squamous-cell carcinoma and large-cell carcinoma (Longo & Harrison, 2012). Lung cancers can be diagnosed by chest X-ray, computerised tomography (CT) scan, positron emission tomography-computerised tomography (PET-CT) scan, bronchoscopy and biopsy (Nhs.uk, 2015). Unfortunately, lung cancers are often diagnosed at the later stages. This is due to the unrecognisable symptoms and warning signs at the earlier stages. NSCLC are often diagnosed at stage IV which accounts for 30-40% of cases whereas 60% of SCLC is diagnosed at stage IV. Lung cancer usually originates from the cells lining the bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli. Carcinogens especially tobacco smoke will alter the gene expression of the normal human lung cells, resulting in cell mutation. The proto-oncogenes will be converted to mutated form, oncogenes. Mutation leads to the decreased expression of the tumour suppressor genes. This results in uncontrolled cell proliferation, cell

In the past years, there has been a major paradigm shift in the management of non-small cell lung cancer also known as (NSCLC). NSCLC should now be further sub-classified by histology and driver mutation if one is known or present. Translational research results now allow such mutations to be inhibited by either receptor monoclonal antibodies (mAb) or small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI). Whilst empirical chemotherapy with a platinum-doublet remains the gold standard for advanced NSCLC without a known driver mutation, targeted therapy is pushing the boundary to significantly improve patient outcomes and quality of life. In this review, we will examine the major subtypes

A common form of cancer that is very popular today is lung cancer. Lung cancer is a very dangerous form that can cause problems in simple body functions. These simple body functions are short breath and general fatigue. Lung cancer is commonly formed from smokers that has been exposed to that activity for numerous years. Lung cancer can also be spread by being exposed to asbestos or other pollutants. This form of cancer has many risk factors to it. These risk factors are high levels of air pollution, arsenic drinking water, and radon gas. Radon gas is a gas that is highly radioactive and is very sensitive to the body. Once radon is exposed to the body, it has a very high respiration rate which initially divide its radioactive cells- causing more significant damage to the body.

Lung Cancer, like any other type of cancer, is the uncontrollable growth of cells in the lung tissue. The main causes that contribute to lung cancer include inhaling carcinogens (basically, smoking), exposure to ionizing radiation, viral infections and even air pollution. These factors basically damage the tissues lining the bronchi in the lung, leading the cancer to develop further (Vaporciyan & Nesbitt JC, 2000). Primary lung cancers that develop in the epithelial tissues of the lung are known as carcinomas and claim the top spot in terms of leading cancer-related death causes. As of 2004, lung cancer

Cancer is defined as a disease caused by an uncontrollable division of abnormal cells in a part of the body. Cancer can be caused by many variables in one’s environment and the variables that are more likely to cause cancer are often referred to carcinogens. Carcinogens are harmful factors that can increase one’s chance of developing a form of cancer. Carcinogens can be anything from ultra violet rays to dust particles from wood; tobacco is one of the most well-known carcinogens because it increases one’s chances of developing lung cancer by a stagger amount. The reason tobacco has the ability to make such an impact is because tobacco contains more than 70 carcinogens altogether. When it comes down to it, the carcinogens are all working together

The leading cause of cancer death for both men and women in the United States and worldwide is lung cancer. Lung cancer is responsible for thirty percent of cancer deaths in the United States. The deaths caused by breast cancer, colon cancer and prostate cancer combined do not add up to the deaths that lung cancer causes. In 2007, 158,683 people, 88,243 men and 70,354 women died from lung cancer in the United States (Eldridge, 2012). Out of the 158,683 people that died from lung cancer in 2007, 135,000 of them died of lung cancer caused by smoking cigarettes. The overall survival rate of those with lung cancer is at about fifteen percent.

Lung cancer is a genetic and acquired disease. Lung cancer is genetic because cancer in general is caused by changes to the genes that control the way our cells function, especially how they grow and divide. All of these changes include mutations in the DNA that makes up our genes. Genetic changes that increase cancer risk can be inherited from our parents, if the changes are presents in germ cells. Which are the reproductive cells of the body, those are the eggs and the sperm. Lung cancer is also acquired because as the result of errors that occur as cells divide a person’s lifetime or exposure to certain chemicals. Some examples of these chemicals are found in tobacco smoke, radiation, UV rays from the sun that damage DNA. “In general, cancer cells have more genetic changes than normal cells. But each person’s cancer has a unique combination of genetic alterations.” Some of these changes may be the result of cancer, rather than the cause. As the cancer continues to grow, additional changes will occur. Even within the same tumor, cancer cells may have different genetic changes.

Patient stated that her siblings were born in a hospital. Mariano Saquilayan, grandfather, died at the age of 61 from lung cancer. Patient states that her grandfather smoked for a long time; therefore, leading to the result of lung cancer. Patient’s parents from her father’s side are diagnosed with diabetes, unknown of type (ages 80 and 77). Uncle on father’s side, Reynaldo Vinzon, developed diabetes at age 55; patient is unknown of type of diabetes. Patient’s uncle, Arnel Saquilayan, on her mother’s side is 55 years old and diagnosed with Polio and uncle, Manny Saquilayan, of 48 years old is diagnosed with heart disease. Patient is unaware of the type of disease. Patient’s parents both have hypertension and is currently taking medication for

Fig.42 :The tumor detection. A grade 2 periosteal chondrosarcoma in the humeral shaft. (A) Axial T2-weighted image before surgery. There is a small lesion hyperintense on the image (circle) in the posterior periosteum of the humeral shaft. (B) Axial diffusion weighted image. The tumor is hyperintense on DWI sequence (circle), easier to detect because of the high tissue contrast. (C) Axial T2-weighted image 6 months after the surgery. There is a very small residue of the tumor in the surgical site (circle), which is difficult to find on conventional MR imaging. (D) Axial diffusion-weighted image. The tumoral residue shows hyperintensity on diffusion-weighted image sequence (circle), which facilitates the detection. quoted from (Costa et al.,

deeper growth might be hard to distinguish from cancerous nodules. Most of the hamartomas made of normal tissues such as cartilage, connective tissue, fat, and muscle, but in abnormal amount. They are not likely to press against nearby tissue, but they stay within a limited area. They are usually less than four centimeters in diameter, and appear in chest X rays as a coin like round growth. Hamartomas may look like fluffy wool or popcorn in about 15% of cases, and they are found more often in males than females between the ages of 50 and 70.

No matter what the cause, lung cancer is a very serious thing. Research shows that it takes several mutations for a lung cancer cell to form. However when the lung cancer cell does form, it begins dividing out of control, causing the divisions to have the same error in DNA. As the mutations continue, the lung tissue starts to no longer be able to carry out its function properly. In some cases, the cancer cells will then spread to other parts of the body, therefore spreading the cancer.

I decided to choose small cell lung cancer because I have 1st hand knowledge about small cell lung cancer and the effects it has on human lives. Many people who are diagnosed with small cell lung cancer are often diagnosed in the late stages. Small cell often spreads very quickly and is very aggressive .Many people believe that everyone who has lung cancer received lung cancer from smoking, which is often not true. Smoking does increase a person’s chance of lung cancer, but no everyone that has lung cancer got it from smoking. After researching the topic for a various amount of time, I learned that women who are nonsmokers are often diagnosed with lung cancer. Small cell lung cancer often starts in the bronchi near the center of the chest. Small cell lung cancer

<p dir="ltr" style="line-height:2.4;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;" id="docs-internal-guid-bff5b218-ea6f-7503-56b8-a24e5273d2ef"><span style="font-size:27px;font-family:'Times New Roman';color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;">There aren't many people who are clear about the way cancer works. Well cancer is basically a disease that is characterized by out of control cell growth. Cancer can cause serious harm to a human&rsquo;s body, when damaged cells divide out of control lumps or masses of tissue called tumors. Tumors can cause damage and interfere with the digestive system, nervous, and circulatory systems. And can also release hormones

The most common cause of lung cancer is smoking cigarettes. 80% of people who have lung cancer got it from smoking. The longer you smoke cigarettes the better chance of getting lung cancer. Smoking at a young age increases the chance of getting lung cancer more then starting to smoke as an adult. The sooner you quit, the better your life will be. Passive smoking (secondhand smoking) can give you lung cancer if exposed for a long time to it.

(Transition: we have discussed the causes, lets look at the risk factors including some environmental ones.)