Memory Test Outcomes: Differences? Naive and Non-Naive Participants Using Levels of Processing Test

Memory in the human brain is a complex process which is easier understood by the use of theoretical constructs. Memories begin as sensory stimuli which become sensory memory which only last about one second, from there it moves into working memory which lasts for about twenty to thirty seconds and is used to process information. Within working memory there are a few separate processes, the central executive which directs attention, the episodic buffer which is a secondary storage lasting ten to twenty seconds, this area communicates with long term memory as well as the central executive. The visuospatial sketchpad which is used to visualise visual and spacial

When the research participant in Test C1 focused on the way the words look, she recalled a lesser number of words compared to Test C2. The result was consistent with the researcher participant`s performance. In Test C2, the research participant used the model of the semantic network to connect the words by imagining that she is on the balcony eating a cookie and typing a story written by her about a farmer that found a treasure an alligator attacked him, so he killed it by a fork. Whereas in Test C1, she tried to combining the words in common groups to remember it. As a conclusion, the more meaningful the word is; the deeper the level of processing it is, and the easier to recall

The visual presentation test and the auditory presentation test included directions to circle “yes” or “no” for words recognized to have been presented, and a set of 24 words for each mode. Twelve of these words were actually presented via the presentation of the respective modes of information. The other 12 words on the list were not actually presented, but were matched based on theme from the remaining 12 words presented either visually or auditorily. All of the words were selected from the original word lists used in the original tests conducted by McDermott and Roediger (1995). These words vary in their number of letters and syllables, but consist of a mix of nouns and adjectives. Furthermore, the words used are not sophisticated difficult vocabulary words. When words were presented visually, they were played on the computer screen in a slideshow, where the words were centered in a large black found over a solid white background. Each word was present on the screen for 3 seconds until transitioning to the next word. For the auditory presentation of the words, participants listed to a recording of a neutral female voice enunciating each word clearly, with a 3 second pause in between each

Design A repeated measures design was used. Each variable exhibited one of 3 levels of congruence. Congruent variables consisted of words which matched both in semantic meaning and font colour, Control variables had semantic meanings unrelated to their colour (for example the word "house" presented in blue), and incongruent variables had semantic meanings which contrasted with the colour in which they were displayed (for example the word "blue" displayed in the colour red). 16 variables of each type were presented to each of the 20 participants tested. Each level of congruence was randomly distributed throughout the test. Reaction times were measured for each participant for each stimulus, as related to the congruence of each stimulus responded to.

Most researchers into memory have argued that there is a significant distinction between explicit memory (declarative) and implicit memory (non-declarative). However, it is now suggested that researchers move past this distinction by focusing research on amnesia and healthy individuals as the current viewpoint may be limited. According to the original view, amnesiacs should have impaired performance on non-declarative memory tasks and intact performance on declarative tasks (Cognitive Psychology: a student’s handbook, Eysenck and Keane, 2010). However, according to Reder et al. (2009, p.24), “The critical feature that distinguishes tasks that are impaired from those that are spared under amnesia hinges on whether the task requires the formation

To be stored in long-term memory, information must pass through several systems and processes. First, information is absorbed by the sensory memory system. When attention is focused on specific information it will pass to the short-term memory system. Information is then often rehearsed so that it is able to stay in short-term memory for a period of time. Eventually, the information can be encoded, by a variety of methods, into the long-term memory system.

To begin with memory like everything else in the body there is a process that occurs; first it goes through "encoding, storage, and retrieval."(This is the process of memory, each are very important and it is amazing how the brain deciphers what is going to stay in the long term memory or short term. First off is encoding, it is all about "sensory information into

Each participant was assigned a computer booth containing a personal computer. Computers were equipped with the Cog Lab 2.0 database from which the experiment was carried out and with statistical software which was used to analyze the data acquired. The dependent variable for the experiment was the speed (response time) with which a response was made. The independent variables were the number of digits in the memory set (1, 3, or 5) and response type.

The participant is permitted to use any form of memory strategies available. The independent variables are the letters being presented and its serial positioning. The dependent variable is the proportion of times each letter is recalled.

Endeavouring to understand the logistics of memory structure, (Atkinson & Shiffrin, 1968) deliberated the concept that memory is made up of three separate permanent memory structures (sensory memory, short term memory and long term memory) was developed, proposing memory as the ‘multi-store model’.

For centuries now, people have come up with their own ideas about how memories are stored. However, many of these ways are incorrect, so the world is led to false conclusions. Luckily, there have been neuroscientists who have gathered together most of the memory myths and

Short-term memory is the process with which information in the sensory memory is transferred to a person's awareness or consciousness. The information becomes currently active in the individual like talking to a friend, reading an article, or writing a paper. While short-term memory lasts longer then sensory memory, it still has very limited capacity (Cowan, 2009). In contrast, long-term memory is relatively permanent and virtually unlimited with regards to storage capacity. The permanence of this type of memory storage capability originates from the fact

For this experiment, I used the Memory Interference Test (MIT) where undergraduates contribute to a database by choosing a test that analyzes their memory with either seeing pictures, reading words or hearing. The objective for the MIT is to create data for the participants, in the test, to hypothesize on different aspects of the exam and of

Multiple choice responses provide the student with several relatable responses, one being correct. Students then have 25% chance of selecting the right response, along with the ability to narrow down the answers. Providing the answer and other comparably subjected answers presented with the question may stimulate the individual’s memory as well.

Procedure. Participants were informed about the study a week in advance. However, no additional information regarding the procedure or aim of the study was given. All participants were tested together in a single room. Each participant was provided with two pieces of paper upon entering the room and asked not to turn them over until the task has started. The words were presented as a list, were each word was typed under the other on the left-hand side of the paper. Participants were then received a guidance regarding the performance of the task; they were asked to simply copy the read words into the right-hand side of the paper, and to reverse the initial letters in the underlined words, so that they appear in their appropriate version on the right hand-side of the paper. Participants were asked to be as accurate as possible in their work. Approximately two minutes were