Mitosis And Meiosis Of Eukaryotic Organisms

Later on a male and female haploid cell will join to form a diploid cell with the right number of chromosomes.

A) Meiosis consists of two cell divisions and is broken up into Meiosis I and Meiosis II. At the beginning of the Cell Cycle, in this case there are four chromatids each from the homologous pairs being A, a, B, b. This is the Diploid number (4) meaning it is 2 times the haploid number that will be seen at the end of meiosis II. During the S phase of interphase, the chromatids replicate and reach the end of G2 phase. Now starting meiosis, during the first stage of prophase I the chromosomes condense and pair up through synapsis with their sister chromatids creating AA, aa, BB, bb. After they pair up they go through a process called crossing over, where the homologous chromosomes share a piece of their genetic material with each other. Crossing over allows for the genetic diversity of chromosomes. Now there are four homologous chromosomes Aa, Aa, Bb, Bb, each containing heterozygous alleles because the sister chromatids exchanged genetic information with their homologous pair. During late prophase I, spindle fibers being to form where they will later attach to a homologous chromosomes centromere. The next stage is Metaphase I. During metaphase I, the homologous pairs line up at the metaphase plate, also known to be the center of the cell. The homologous pairs form a tetrad which is considered a group of four homologous chromosomes. These homologous chromosomes orient themselves randomly, which is know as the process of independent

Cells are the basic units of structure and function in an organism, and Cells come only from the reproduction of existing cells.

There are two main types of cells in the world. The simplest cells such as bacteria are known as Prokaryotic cells, and human cells are known as Eukaryotic cells. The main difference between each of these cells is that a eukaryotic cell has a nucleus and a membrane bound section in which the cell holds the main DNA which are building blocks of life.

2.Meiosis - the division of a cell 's nucleus, ultimately resulting in four daughter nuclei, each with half as many chromosomes as the original nucleus. includes two nuclear divisions meiosis I and meiosis II. Chromosome number is reduced from haploid to diploid.

This particular type of cell division results in the production of four daughter cells per parent cell with only half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell in each daughter cell. The process of meiosis can be separated into two cycles, the 1st division and the 2nd division. The first division consists of 4 phases. Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase and Telophase. The Second division consists of prophase II, Metaphase II, Anaphase II and Telophase II. Interphase occurs at the beginning of each phase and Cytokinesis occurs at the end of each phase. Meiosis is used for the production of gametes, or sex cells, in sexually reproducing organisms. These daughter cells have only half the number of chromosomes of a normal body cell. This is important because when two gametes come together, the number of chromosomes in the zygote

Cells are the basic structural and functional unit of all living organisms. Cells are the smallest form of life of which all forms of life are composed of one or more cells. All cells come from pre-existing cells. Two different of cells exist: Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes. They are structurally and functionally different, but they share some properties.

Cells as we learn are capable of reproduction. Cell division according to the book is a process that produces genetically identical daughter cells. Some living organisms are able to reproduce a sexually. In this process Chromosomes are duplicated and then distributed during the process of mitosis. The offspring are exactly the same as the parent as well as each other. Certain organisms such as humans and animals reproduce sexually by the bond of an egg cell from a female and a sperm cell from a male. These organisms carry out meiosis. Genes in a eukaryotic species are grouped up together in chromosomes found in the nucleus, each of the chromosomes contain one long strand of DNA. Before cells begin to divide the chromosomes duplicate making

Cell division is a process that is essential to the reproduction, survival, and improvement of many eukaryotes. Many things about cell division are still unknown, and each day scientists begin to understand more about why something they already knew happened, happened. Such as the underlying reactions and thermodynamics that motivate something to do what it does without intelligence (Khan Academy). There are two types of cell division under this category, and they are mitosis and meiosis. Although they fall under the same category, they have similarities and dissimilarities. To avoid confusion and for better understanding they will be discussed in pairs (similar-dissimilar), and there may be some overlap in points as this is the nature of the subject matter.

The interphases of meiosis are similar to the interphase of mitosis. G phases are times of cell growth and preparation for division. The first division, meiosis 1. Consist of the following. Prophase 1, metaphase 1, anaphase 1, and telophase 1. The nuclear envelope starts to break down during prophase 1 of meiosis and microtubules are assembled. Previously replicate chromosomes are condensed to help them move around the cell without being tangled. These condensed chromosomes can only be seen under a microscope. The homologous pairs of chromosomes exchange genetic information. This is called crossing over. The homologous pairs line up in the center of the cell during metaphase 1. Near the

In this experiment, meiosis was observed during oogenesis, or formation of the egg, in the roundworm ascarsis. The process oogenesis begins with the diploid oogonium dividing mitotically to produce primary oocytes. Each primary oocyte completes meiosis I and creates a polar body and a secondary oocyte. The secondary oocyte undergoes meiosis II and creates a second polar body and an ovum. The ovum is then able to become fertilized. Since the diploid number of chromosomes is only four in Ascaris megalocephala, the worm is ideal for the study of oogenesis because of its small chromosome number. In fact, the Ascarsis megalocephala was an excellent model for a scientist named Theodor Boveri who provided us with one of the first descriptions of meiosis. Boveri was able to distinguish that chromosome number was reduced in gametes and that meiosis did not happen until fertilization had concluded. Knowing this information, Boveri was able to observe the sperm and egg chromosome after fertilization and saw that Ascari eggs possessed 2 chromosomes after the formation of the polar body, and that after the fusion of the sperm and egg, the chromosome number was restored to 4 again (O'Connor, C. & Miko, I. 2008). Meiosis was also observed during spermatogenesis, or the formation of sperm, in a grasshopper. This process takes

All organisms are made of the basic unit of life called cells. From bacteria to fish to plants to humans,

Cell division involves in events of cells dividing and replicating that results in two daughter cells or more. Mitosis is a type of cell division where chromosomes in the nucleus are divided into two identical sets of chromosomes in its individual nucleus. Nevertheless, meiosis is a type of cell division that decreases the cell’s chromosome numbers by half, and that is for the purpose of sexual reproduction. A typical human cell contains two sets of sex chromosomes, paternal and maternal,which give the diploid cell. which also gives ploidy number “2n”, and it is considered to be a diploid cell (two sets of chromosomes, 2n, complete set). Meiosis is

A cell is the simplest and smallest unit of living matter and cells can live independently and can also reproduce themselves.

Every living thing is made up of at least one cell. The human body is “formed from between 50 and 100 trillion cells” ("Putting DNA to Work - Introduction - Where Is DNA Found?"). Cells are the building blocks of life as we know it. It is taught that cells make up tissues, which make up organs, which make organisms, then populations, communities, and ecosystems, ultimately creating the biosphere--all of the life on Earth. While this is true, there is more to the lower end of the hierarchy.