Naegleria fowleri and Solid Organ Transplantation – An Overview
Naegleria fowleri commonly referred to as the “brain-eating amoeba”, is a free-living, warm fresh water amoeba, isolated from soil. Site of entrance of N. fowleri is when contaminated water moves up the nose, during swimming,nasal irritation, amoeba then passes the cribriform plate and reaches the brain causing primary amebic meningoencephalitis (PAM).128 Cases were reported from 1962 -2012 in U.S.PAM usually affect young,healthy individuals who becomes candidates for organ donation. However no case of N.fowleri transmission has been documented the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has investigated physical and pathological possibilities of N. fowleri to disseminate to organs outside the nervous system. Morphologically, it consist of 3 different morphological stages which are : trophozoite, flagellate and cyst.
• Trophozoite : It is an infective stage, 10-20mm long containing nucleus having a large karyosome. They reproduce by means of binary fission and are motile by means of granular cytoplasm called as lobopodia. It is a thermophilic organism which can tolerate temperature up to 45°C.the ideal temperature required for the growth of trophozoites is 42°C for ingesting bacteria and yeast trophozoites used a special structure named as food-cap in a human host, which is used to ingest RBC’s, WBC’s, and tissues. It also contains contractile vacuole, which rupture, emptied and reform in
The next step of the project included preparing a Gram stain to discover the cell shape, arrangement, and if the bacteria is gram positive or
Florida Hospital for Children in Orlando said that Sebastian DeLeon who is 16 survived a rare brain-eating amoeba that he obtained when he swam on private property in Broward County earlier in August. Dr. Humberto Antonio Liriano, who is a critical care physician said that Sebastian is doing really well especially since he’s the fourth person in the United States to survive the Naegleria fowleri parasite. So all in all he’s doing much better than most people who die after 12 or 13 days due to the infection/parasite. The only way the brain eating amoeba can infect you is when it forcible goes up your nose leading directly to your brain. After Dr. Dennis Hernandez who was the ER doctor on duty identified symptoms of meningitis, he did a lumbar
Found in human clinical specimens, water, soil, plants, digestive tract of rodents, and insects (Bergey&Holt, 1994, p.187). When isolated from the blood bags, the highest growth was determined under anaerobic conditions.
Once within the body, naegleria fowleri attack the human nervous system and brain. This process is called ‘Primary amoebic meningoencephalitis’ and although such infections are rare, contraction almost always guarantees death. The case fatality rate is over 95%. Once the disease has been contracted, the subject will most likely be dead within five days. The longest running bout of this infection ever recorded was a mere twenty five days, with the shortest being sixteen hours.
Stage 3- During stage 2 the sore tends to get worse and extends into the tissue beneath the skin that forms a small crater.
Stage: stage is the essential part of the microscope. Its have the flat surface used to keep the slides with sample/ object.
In the adult, many of these differentiated cells cease to divide Others continue to divide (e.g. cells in the stratum basale of the epidermis) 5 LIFE CYCLE OF CELLS Cells that divide go through a series of phases: M-Phase when they are actually dividing, and interphase when they are not Cell division comes under a complex set of controls that are upset in cancer, which is uncontrolled cell division, often starting off with one cell with mutated DNA for a gene that regulates cell division Phases of Mitosis Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase 6 CHARACTERISTICS OF EPITHELIUM 1. STRUCTURALLY POLARIZED • • One end of cell/tissue is a free surface Opposite end of cell/tissue is anchored to underlying tissue (usually connective tissue) by the basement membrane 2. NON-VASCULAR • No direct blood supply 3. EPITHELIAL CELLS ARE TIGHTLY PACKED TOGETHER
These are usually formed by loose fibrous tissue and are usually found on there own but can appear in clusters.
spores that are inhaled. The spores make their way to the lungs and adhere to
In Orlando, Florida an eleven year old boy was feeling dizzy and falling over. A parent brought him to the hospital and was deteriorating from his condition. Meanwhile, the doctors couldn't pinpoint the causes and the boy couldn't recognize his own parents. Soon after the CT scan, results showed swelling in the brain. Afterward, he examines the spinal fluid and the lab technician notices the amoeba. The boy was diagnosis with Naegleria Fowler known as the brain eating amoeba causing primary amoebic meningoencephalitis (PAM). Before long, the amoeba hijacks the body and uses the brain for shelter. The amoeba feeds by attacking the cells and eating the fluids inside. Although, the white blood cells try to attack the amoeba. They defend themselves
However, it has been estimated that there are 5 million new cases in the United States each year, which is more than the sum of all cases of Chlamydia and gonococcal infections. The World Health Organization estimates that there is incidence of 173 million new infections of Trichomoniasis worldwide per year. This is also known as Trichomonas vaginitis. It is caused by the sexually transmitted, flagellated parasite, Trichomonas vaginalis. The transmission rate is high; 70% of men contract the disease after a single exposure to an infected woman, which suggests that the rate of male-to-female transmission is even higher. The parasite, which exists only in trophozoite form, is an anaerobe that has the ability to generate hydrogen to combine with oxygen to create an anaerobic environment. It often accompanies bacterial vaginosis, which can be diagnosed in as many as 60% of patients with Trichomonas vaginitis (Cates, Jr.,
If amebae get into the soil or water, they can contaminate food grown in the soil. This often happens in areas where human waste is used as a fertilizer. The organisms can then get into your digestive system when you eat food or drink water contaminated with parasites.
The eosinophilic meningitis may be a reaction to an inflammatory processes caused usually by Angiostrongylus, Toxocara, Schistosoma, Gnathostoma and Cysticercus. About the eosinophilic meningitis caused by Angyostrongylus cantonensis; Morassutti et al. (2014) have reported that it is an emerging disease in Brazil and highlighted the importance of compile information on various aspects of human infection and the transmission mode in health centers operating [2].
When cysts enter the body, they hunt in the digestive tract. They then release an invasive form of the parasite called a trophozoite. The
Step two, the protozoan’s that are exposed to the open wound are then engulfed by macrophages. Step three, the promastigotes flagellate stage transfers into a tissue stage known as, amastigotes. Amastigotes are distinguished as a developed protozoan because it has no visible external flagella or cilia. Step four, the amastigotes then multiply by cell division and continue to infect other cells. Step five, another bite from another sand fly occurs, now this sand fly injects macrophages infected with amastigotes. Step six, is the step of ingestion of the parasitized cell. Step seven, amastigotes transform to promastigotes stage in mid gut, meaning they increase in size and develop a long flagella to swim and infect throughout the human body. Step eight, is the division of mid gut to proboscis, in other words the transformation of a protozoan to a sucking organ of insects inside the body (CDC 2014).