Negative Politeness

There are also social differences between men and women. Two of the most significant theories on social differences between males and females are “difference theory” and “dominance theory”. According to the “difference theory” men and women, even those within the same group, live in different or separate cultural worlds and, as a result, they promote different ways of speaking (Uchida, 1992). This theory is sometimes called “two-culture theory”. In simple terms, although men and women live in the same environment they establish different relations with society as if each belonged to a different environment and culture, the result of which is consequently reflected in the language of both genders as in other aspects of their lives. So in this theory, cross-gender communication is to be taken as cross-cultural or bi-cultural communication. In “dominance theory”,

Modelling respect, courtesy and setting implicit boundaries will go along way in communications when trying to create positive relationships with

Then we move on to the “compliments,” they make us feel great, it feel nice to have people complement things about us because that triggers us to like them, because we get this sense of them paying attention or caring. And as the author states we have a positive reaction to compliments and we can fall as a victim of someone who knows how to use them to their favor in making attempts to win us over to their

Good communication is key to having successful personal and professional relationships. In some situations it can be necessary to adjust communication styles in order to communicate more successfully (B. Reece & Reece, 2017). In this journal entry I will discuss the dominance, and sociability scales, as well as my own personal communication style.

I believe people of equal “status” respond to each other in the same way they are spoken to. With professors, I believe students try to be more polite than what the professor intends to be. I am not saying the professor is rude, but rather, not as consensus of the level of respect students have for them. There is a hierarchy of power and the person who is inferior tries to be even more cordial and respectful. Businesses that deal with rude customers do not respond in the same manner they are spoken to because there are consequences. The employee has more to lose than the customer, so they tend to respond in a nice, or even witty manner, but they avoid being rude. The way someone responds can also be affected by what language they are speaking. Some languages and cultures emphasize respect, politeness, and etiquette. If a person’s mother tongue focuses on this, they have been shaped into reacting a certain way. Nonetheless, people may talk back in the same manner they were spoken to if faced with a conflict. An argument can become even more intense if one person decides to talk back in a similar fashion they were initially

I personally enjoy giving complements because they make people feel good about themselves. I also do it without think about it, if I see something that I like or if someone is dressed up I usually will say something to them about it out of instinct. However, I kind of feel awkward when people compliment me. Its not that I don’t like being complimented, I just feel awkward and say thank you and change the subject.

The social approach highlights the fact making undesirable remark as a social deflation of a person. These issues are not some distant actions, but the process sometimes needs to be analyzed. The methodology is to reconstruct the link of different types of people potentially involved and work with them. Prevention of these actions is to make sure that the people involved know their

According to Schmitt (2010), there are two approaches of pragmatics, a cognitive or psychological approach which is exploring the relation between linguistic meaning of utterances, the decontextualized, what speakers mean by their utterances on a particular situation and how hearer interpret those utterances on those particular situations. Cognitive approach was developed by philosophers Austin, Searle, and Grice. On the other hand, social pragmatics approach which focuses on the communicative exchanges between individuals in social, cultural and other contextual factors. Brown and Levinson (1978 - 1987) introduced face model of politeness to this approach.

How a person responses to a compliment highly depends on the culture one lives in. Compliment is not only a positive statement about others, but it functions as a cultural tool which people use to harmonize their interpersonal relationships. Moreover, it represents similar ways of behaving in one culture (Tang & Zhang, 2009). In terms of different types of compliment responses, Holmes (1993) categorizes compliment responses into three main types consist of accept, reject and evade responses. Based on this classification, in accept responses, people acknowledge their competence by saying phrases like thank you, while in reject and evade responses they do not directly

Even with parties with vast cultural backgrounds, misconceptions can develop since personal communication styles. One individual can ask question after question to seem curious, but another individual will be enraged by this line of questioning and demand to stop. Male and female are different manners. Deborah Tannen debates for females, "Talk creates intimacy, but men live in a hierarchical world, where talk maintains independence and status." This research showcases females incline to look at one another in the eyes, males, on the other hand, look

According to Roger’s concept of unconditional positive regard, language can be used to teach expressions of courtesy and kindness to the learners. When they will be taught to use greetings in classroom situations, they will automatically learn to give unconditional positive regard in real life situations as well. Using Communicative Approach to language teaching the students could be asked to greet people whom they are meeting for the first time, to five a good impression to

In many parts of this world, former existing borders are removed and people move closer together. It has to be admitted that most of the time this happens due to economical reasons, and the phenomenon of mass media has to be mentioned in this context as well. Therefore it becomes even more important to be able to

Studying and working on politeness theory, Brown and Levinson (1987) include politeness in two categories. First, there is positive politeness, which leads to closeness and affiliation. It is the wish for being liked and appreciated and consists of acts such as complementing others and showing interest for them. Second, there is negative politeness, which leads distance and formality. In negative face, there is a wish for being autonomous. Brown and Levinson (1987) claim that politeness must be maintained, enhanced, and permanently attended to interaction. A threat to a person’s face is termed a face threatening act and they discuss that such acts in general need an extenuating statement or repair otherwise a collapse of interaction will

When a student gets a high score, his teacher usually says: “Good job!”. When a child automatically cleans up the room after playing, her parents are likely to say: “You are very good”. When you go to school wearing a new shirt, you probably hear from your friends: “That shirt looks nice on you”. Those utterances are called compliments which are used to show that someone likes someone else’s appearance, belongings, or work etc. Due to different cultural background and social values, English and Vietnamese native speakers have different norms of complimenting as well as responding to compliments. In this essay, I will discuss the notion of compliment made in American English and Vietnamese in terms of topics, formulas, and responses.

In addition, Yule (2006) describes politeness as “showing awareness of and consideration for another person 's face” (p. 119). Huang (2014) defines it as any behavior that maintains his or her face through an interaction. Brown (1987) threw light on different aspects of behavior such as manners, courtesy, tact, etc...(p. 142).