Non Curricular References

* Protons and electrons have equal and opposite electrical charges. Protons are positively charged, and electrons are negatively charged.

Water (H2O) is a good solvent because it is partially polarized. The hydrogen ends of the water molecule have a partial positive charge, and the oxygen end of the molecule has a partial negative charge. This is because the oxygen atom holds on more tightly to the electrons it shares with the hydrogen atoms. The partial charges make it possible for water molecules to arrange themselves around charged atoms (ions) in solution, like the sodium (Na+) and chloride (Cl−) ions that dissociate when table salt dissolves in water.

Required Text: Human Physiology: An Integrated Approach, 6th edition by Silverthorn with Mastering A&P and Physio Ex.

Reference: Belk, Colleen and Borden-Maier, Virginia. 2010. Biology: Science for Life. 4th Edition. Pearson. San Francisco, California., 195, 205,

M.D. The site is housed off of Google Scholar. This article can also be found on

The Integrated Life Sciences Honors program (ILS) is a distinguished two-year living-learning program for students with exceptional academic talents that focuses on preparing students in all aspects of biological research and biomedicine. ILS offers accelerated and advanced education in the life sciences while also emphasizing nationally recognized innovations to the training. Participating in ILS has allowed me to live and work closely with many intelligent and incredible peers, each bringing a different perspective. Furthermore, the unique approach and exclusive courses offered by ILS have helped me to develop a more holistic understanding of the multidisciplinary nature of the

Begin your study of biology this year by reading Chapter 1. It will serve as a reminder about biological

One of these properties is called an electrical charge. Protons have a "positive" (+) charge, electrons have a "negative" (-) charge, and neutrons have no charge, they are neutral.

Marieb, E., & Hoehn, K. (2013). Human Anatomy & Physiology (9th ed.) Glenview, IL: Pearson.

The topics is covers are: principles of medicine, immunologic system, hematologic system, cardiovascular system, respiratory system, urinary system, gastrointestinal system, neurologic system, Behavioral science, endocrine system, reproductive systems, musculo-skeletal system, integumentary system, multi-organ synthesis. Topics such as anatomy, nutrition and behavioral sciences are integrated throughout the blocks.

As the size of the negative ion and the charge on the positive ion both increase and the size of the positive ions decrease, the polarisation effect increases. This polar ionic bonding gives many of the atoms covalent characters. Sometimes one of the atoms become so highly polarised that they share the electrons and therefore can create covalent bonds. Covalent bonding takes place where two atoms have a single, unpaired electron in an atomic orbital; these orbitals will therefore overlap so that the two atoms are sharing a pair of electrons. The attraction that holds the atoms together is the force between the electron and the nuclei in each of the atoms.

The table above can also be found in Seeley’s Anatomy and Physiology laboratory manual on page 376.

Thibodeau, Gary A. PhD and Patton, Kevin T. PhD. Anatomy & Physiology. (Ed 6th). St.

Widmaier, E., Raff, H., & Strang, K. (2014). Vander's human physiology: The mechanisms of body function. (13th ed.). Boston:

It is important to critically analyze sources so that one can determine if a source is a good fit. Some sources are filled with false, bias, or even outdated information. These types of sources can result in one’s writing to decrease in credibility. Critically analyzing a source will help to filter out sources such as these that negatively impact one’s research. One way critically analyze a source is to research the author. Past writings, education, and the credentials of an author will help determine if their works will be valuable to one’s study. The use of scholarly sources is more appropriate for academic research because it helps to increase the quality of one’s paper. Scholarly sources tend to have a higher level of reliability