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Online vs. Offline Marketing Problem: Borders Bankruptcy Case

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When Borders announced that it was filing for bankruptcy, the case became a high profile example of the online versus offline marketing problem. Borders faced intense competition both offline (from Barnes & Noble) and online (from Amazon). It had failed to establish an online presence, and its offline business was not strong enough to sustain the company. Indeed, from 2001 to 2008 Borders had outsourced its online sales to Amazon, effectively handing many customers to its competitor (Lowrey, 2011). There was even a joke that people were browsing in Borders and then going home to order from Amazon. Again, this raises the question for business about the nature of online shopping and its relationship to offline shopping. A lot of the research into the issue has focused on what drives people to shop online. Chiang and Dholakia (2003), for example, note that three variables affect whether a consumer is likely to shop online. The first is the convenience characteristic of the channels. So the easier it is to buy a product online and feel comfortable with the purchase, the more likely consumers are to do it. The second variable is product type characteristics, which along with the user experience of the retailer's website will affect the first variable. The third variable is the perceived price of the product, something that essentially holds true in all retailing. If people think the online seller is giving them a deal, they will buy through the online seller. By focusing

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