Outline of the Concept of Genetic Manipulation

Being a dog did not stop Buck from being the most mighty and tough being on the land of Sun-kissed Santa Clara Valley. That was until he was smuggled off by the Chinese lottery lover and sold to multiple men in the north all on the search for gold. In The call of the Wild Jack London explains how Buck is slowly shredded from his previous ways and is shaped by his environment to used his instinct to survive.   Experiences that were vital to Buck’s survival and uncovered/ unleashed his instincts were the man in the red sweater, pulling the 1,000lbs sled and his final owner Thornton being killed.

Artificial selection – a breeder that selects desired traits for a species and then breeds that species to have those traits.

Selective breeding is evolution by human selection. You take two animals with good genes and breed them to achieve a desired phenotypic or genotypic result. The result should end up with the offspring having equally good genetics with its parents or better genetics. It is a carefully planned selection oriented toward a decided standard. This needs great care in selecting animals with specific qualities. Selective breeding, as an example the Belgian blue cow is breeding a trait by human choice. The cow was created by breeding the strongest cows together. “A true breeding policy was established in the early 20th century, when the breed was established. At one time the breed was divided into two strains, one primarily for milk production and the other a beef animal. Selection is now primarily for beef.” The Belgian Blue has been selectively bred for muscle. The cows that showed the characteristics of having muscle of the bunch were selected to breed.

Genetically altering genes has been around for ages by cross breeding plants. Genetic alteration has been practice to help plants grow healthier and stronger helping Indians to become nomadic. “Gatherers

Selective Breeding is the process through which plants and animals with certain traits are bred together to produce an offspring with desired traits. In other words, the process in which humans choose the traits which they want in a plant or animal, and they breed them hoping for a plant which can grow bigger, or maybe an animal which can be stronger. Selective Breeding is all about the inheritance of genes and alleles. Scientists may breed individuals to their desired traits, whilst also being aware of possible recessive genes. Chromosomes which carry genetic codes for an organism, determine the features and characteristics of that organism. Each organism has different features and characteristics, this is when selective breeding takes place,

Artificial selection is a technique of reproductive control by which man alters the genes of domestic or cultivated organisms. This technique is based on the inheritable characteristics of the species, increasing the frequency with which certain variations appear in the following generations; there is a directed evolution, in which human preferences determine the

Genetic manipulation is a powerful tool that allows humans to selectively modify organisms. It provides the ability for humans to deliberately manipulate an organism 's’ genes in order to produce desirable traits. Genetic manipulation provides the ability for humans to decide which phenotypes to express, and which to eliminate. This typically starts with an individual organism, then goes onto eventually effect and entire species or breed.

Selective breeding in animals and plants is still carried out by both commercial and hobby breeders/growers. Selective breeding allows you to be able to breed/grow the exact animal/plant you want, so they can serve the purpose you want them to. Selective breeding can be used to minimise the impacts and/or treat genetic disease.

Biotechnology is the application of scientific techniques and exploitation of biological processes used to improve and modify animals, plants and microorganisms to enhance their value through genetic manipulation. Over time, advances in the field of molecular biology has allowed scientists to take a particular gene from any organism, including, bacteria, viruses, plants or animals, and introduce those genes into another organism. An organism transformed using genetic engineering techniques is known as transgenic organism (Independent learning center, 2012). This paper discusses the positive and negative effects of genetically engineered organisms in agricultural applications and the Canadian regulation or legislation that relates to this issue.

TH Morgan concluded that chromosome play an important part in heredity and the passing on genetic traits

Selective breeding involves breeding organisms based on their phenotypes so that the desired traits are passed onto successive generations, these desired alleles then increase (in frequency) in the gene pool. This has a large commercial benefit as animal and crop products now contain higher quality meat, quantity of milk, quality of wool, larger fruits etc.

Genetic modification has been used in New Zealand since the 1970’s. Genetic modification, also known as Genetic Engineering is the act of directly manipulating the characteristics of an organism by modifying its genetic materials (Deoxyribonucleic acid, DNA) to produce new or improved organisms.

Humans have been manipulating genetic transfer for over 10,000 years since our hunter- gatherer ancestors began to settle in one place and started farming and planting crops. Those humans observed and chose organisms from natural selection to select and breed organisms that showed characteristics desired by them and this began the process of selective breeding. Selective breeding favours recessive alleles that do not persist in wild populations. Selective breeding is a process of increasing the frequency of rare and recessive alleles so that they appear in homozygous form. This has the effect of eliminating the alleles for wild type from the population and the process of domestication has become irreversible. The domestic species has become dependent on humans for their survival. It is from these domestic species that humans have selected and breed favourable genetic traits for their benefit, be it higher yield in plant crops, sweeter tasting fruit, and more milk from dairy cows or ease of handling stock, selective breeding continues to be used today.

Selective breeding also known as artificial selection is a process in which humans choose specific individuals (either plant or animal) with particular desirable traits to breed and produce offspring who will also have particularly useful or valuable features, hence overtime alleles or phenotypes that are beneficial to humans will increase in frequency overtime.

As a new technology of transgenic contemporary biological science, is widely used in various fields. For example, through the cultivation of genetically modified cotton for diagnosis and treatment of genes to be used in transgenic technology. How to change the quality of the food to make it more suitable for human use has become a hot issue. GM technology is widely used in medicine, industry, agriculture, energy, environmental protection, and new materials.