Pathogenesis And Endocytosis

The discovery from the Scripps Research Institute in Florida shows promising results in tackling down the cause of Parkinson’s, and their outcomes led to a funding by the National Institutional Disorders and Stroke Research (NINDS). Research staff within the campus discovers that many diseases that relate in twisting a protein from its original structure will result in a cellular death but it isn’t due to the deformed shape. According to the article “Scripps Florida Scientists' 'Mad Cow' Discovery” (2015), one primal cause that leads to Parkinson’s is the lack of “NAD+” which later prohibits the proper energy function of the mitochondria. Researchers further delved into the study to find out this is preventable, by providing the misshaped protein

DLB main neuropathological structures are Lewy bodies, nevertheless it also has the Alzheimer’s disease (AD) pathology of senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (Pervin, Edwards & Lippa, 2016). Astonishing up to 80 percent of individuals can show AD pathology (Colom-Cadena et al., 2013). Lewy bodies are located in cell cytoplasm, spherical in shape, eosinophilic, neuronal attachments, with a compressed hyaline centre and clear halo. They are made of unusual shortened and phosphorylated proteins and alpha-synuclein is the main component (Hancock, 2011). The alpha synuclein accumulations, termed Lewy bodies (LB) and Lewy neuritis (LN), disturb brain chemicals resulting in complications with movement, thinking, mood and behaviour. In a fit brain, alpha-synuclein is essential in brain neurons, especially at presynaptic part, where cell

There are hundreds of neurodegenerative diseases (NDD) and the etiology for most of the random conditions remain a universal mystery (Nieoullon 2011). A deterioration of specific functions of the neuron cells of the central nervous system is the most common characteristic of NDD. Neurons are responsible for transmitting essential information to other nerve, muscle and glandular cells (Przedborksi, Jackson-Lewis 2003). Emerging research has recently identified mitochondrial dysfunction as a recurrent elemental link in numerous neurodegenerative disorders (Ghano,

Mutations of two genes, Parkin and PINK1, have been identified in autosomal recessive Parkinsonism (Pickrell and Youle, 2015). The functions of PINK1 and Parkin have been implicated in the maintenance of healthy mitochondria through regulating mitochondrial dynamics and autophagy that eliminate dysfunctional mitochondria (Moran et al., 2012). Recently, the DJ-1 protein known by its antioxidant and transcriptional modulator function has been indicated to work with PINKs and Parkin to control mitochondrial function (Irrcher et al.,

Identified as LRRK2, this gene mutation only accounts for one to two percent of all cases of Parkinson’s disease. (Michael J. Fox Foundation)

Leucine-Rich Repeat Kinase 2 is associated with several diseases, such as cancer, inflammatory bowel disease and multibacillary leprosy, but has its clearest link with Parkinson's disease (Cogo, Greggio & Lewis, 2017). Up to now, several PD-associated autosomal dominant mutations in LRRK2 have been discovered, including G2019S, R1441C/G/H, Y1699C, I2020T and N1437H, indicated in figure 2. Of these mutations, which all entail amino acid

Multiple System Atrophy (MSA) is an adult onset progressive neurodegenerative disease, characterized by various degrees of Parkinsonism, cerebellar ataxia, and failure of the autonomic nervous system. MSA is classified as a α-synucleinopathy, a subset of neurodegenerative diseases characterized by the accumulation of misfolded α-synuclein (α-Syn) in the CNS (Fellner et al., 2011; MartÌ et al., 2003). In MSA, α-syn aggregates appear primarily as glial cytoplasmic inclusions (GCIs) in oligodendrocytes (Wakabayashi et al., 1998). The accumulation of α-syn aggregates is associated with glial pathology and neuroinflammation in MSA and other α-synucleinopathies such as, Parkinson’s disease (PD) and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) (Fellner et al., 2011). Microglia activation has also been implicated in α-synucleinopathies as well as other neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Multiple Sclerosis (MS) (Fellner et al. 2011; Minagar et al., 2002).

’Bullying Affects People, It Honestly Really Hurts,’ is about the bad effects that bullying has on people. The author talks a little bit about her personal experience and how she was bullied. She goes on to say, “My other friend went to the counselor and told them the situation without me knowing. I was mad but glad, because they did something I never would have originally.” You can see she felt embarrassed and discouraged. It seems that she became so ashamed that she wouldn’t talk to adults about it. That’s why in the article she repeatedly tells us to talk to an adult, “The best thing to do is tell an adult or your school guidance counselor if the situation is severe and could result in harm.” She could’ve saved herself a lot of trouble if

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Parkinson’s disease (PD) are the most widespread age-related neurodegenerative diseases. Both diseases impact a considerable number of people, where AD occurs in around 10 percent of the population greater than the age of 65 while PD occurs in roughly 1 percent of the population above the age of 65. AD is considered to be the most widespread cause of dementia, characterised by the progressive memory and cognitive deficits which impair ones day to day activities. The pathological hallmark of AD comprises of extracellular accumulation of senile plaques consisting of mainly amyloid-beta (Aβ) peptides, along with neurofibrillary tangles which are composed of the phosphorylated tau protein, located in the hippocampus and cortex. Conversely, PD is considered to be the most widespread movement disorder that is characterised by symptoms such as rigidity slow movements, resting tremor and other instabilities. The extreme loss of dopaminergic neurones in the substantia nigra is what defines PD, as the loss of this nerve cell can be linked to Lewy bodies containing aggregates of a soluble protein called α-synuclein.

The path physiology of Parkinson’s disease is the pathogenesis if Parkinson disease is unknown. Epidemiologic data suggest genetic, viral, and environmental toxins as possible

Similar to Niemann-Pick type C disease, Parkinson’s disease demonstrates the irregular cholesterol movement and increased levels in neurons. Parkinson’s disease is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder, effecting the motor nervous system and people’s abilities to move (3). Lysosomal storage disorders are metabolic, but however share many of the clinical features of Parkinson’s disease such as tremor, bradykinesia, rigidty and cognitive decline (3). They also have a pathogenic overlap, both consisting of lysosomal and mitochondrial dysfunction, impaired autophagy, alterations in lipid metabolism as well as other similar propreties (3). The similarities between the two suggest that their encoding genes may be a carrier of a shared nucleotide variant that could possibly be part of the cause of Lysosome storage diseases as well as the risk of developing Parkinson’s

Multiple System Atrophy (MSA), is a progressive and ultimately terminal neurodegenerative disease which generally emerges in later adulthood (1,2). It is associated with the “adverse” accumulation of alpha-synuclein proteins in the pons, medulla, and cerebellar regions of the brain (1). There are two subtypes of MSA: MSA-Parkinsonian, which features symptoms similar to Parkinson’s disease, and MSA-Cerebellar, which manifests predominantly as oculomotor dysfunction in gait and speech.

World War 1 was one of the the worst conflict around countries many people died to protect their country. A modern war they had machine guns, tanks, planes, gas and more many people died. People were forced to fight in the war if only you were the age of 18. The war started in August, 1914 it lasted over 4 years and 3 months. Its was one of the most tragic event in history many people died and which lead to another war.

Parkinson’s disease is affected by the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons which is responsible to produce dopamine. Dopaminergic neurons have their cell bodies in substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) in basal ganglia (O’Sullivan and Schmitz, 2007). Basal ganglia are a collection of interconnected gray matter nuclear masses deep within the brain”. These gray matter masses are caudate, putamen, globus pallidus, subthalamic nucleus and the substantia nigra. Basal ganglia receive its input through striatum (O’Sullivan and Schmitz, 2007).

Sweeter words, Carl Dupont had never heard, and when Cassidy screamed and lunged out of her chair, the man didn't move an inch or bat an eyelid. Instead, he remained motionless, with a smirk pasted across his features, and cold blue eyes following his victim as the bailiff's dragged her away. He'd warned her not to testify and, in the end, his Lawyer had come through. An improper search meant all physical evidence had been ruled inadmissible and without that, Cassidy's testimony was useless. There'd be no re-trial, Carl was a free man.