Penicillin: The Development Of Antibacterial Infections

Antibiotics are powerful very frequently used potential drugs in fighting bacterial infections worldwide, [1]. These agents saved millions of lives in the past fifty years in both hospital-based and outpatient settings. Inadequate measures to control the spreading of infections, overprescribing as well as inappropriate selection and dosing of antibiotics by healthcare providers, unfettered access to antimicrobials by public, failure to adhere to clinically desired treatment regimens are some of the driving force to spread of antibiotics resistance, [2]. In addition, lack of regulations to promote the rational use of antibiotics in humans, infection prevention and control are some of the other factors that lead to emergence of resistance to antibiotics, [3].

Another crucial element to consider is the emergence of bacterial strains resistant to antibiotics,given the widespread use of these drugs as a prophylactic or a therapeutic regimen.

The overconsumption of antibiotics is a big contribution to drug resistance and is why users should know what happens with the repeated use of these drugs. Even though some bacterial mutation occurs naturally, human use of antibacterial is the cause of higher-levels of resistance (Alliance for the Prudent Use of Antibiotics 2014). Bacteria mutate either by genetic mutation or by receiving the defensive agent. During an infection bacteria multiply naturally within the body and when exposed to antibiotics, bacteria have an opportunity to adapt to the drug (Alliance for the Prudent Use of Antibiotics 2014). During this period of

Antimicrobial medications are drugs that are used for a variety of disease to combat many bacterial issues. Since the 1940s, these drugs have greatly reduced the incidence of illness and death from infectious diseases. Each year in the United States, at least 2 million people become infected with bacteria that are resistant to antibiotics and at least 23,000 people die each year as a direct result of these infections. However, these drugs have been used so widely and for so long that the infectious organisms the antibiotics are designed to kill have adapted to them, making the drugs less effective (Center for Disease Control, 2016). As health care providers it is important to complete a medical screening and health assessment prior to selecting the appropriate medication to ensure that patients are

The discovery of penicillin forever changed modern day medicine. Penicillins role in treating infectious diseases impacted clinic healthcare drastically. Bacterias that were once a dead sentence now were no match to this new powerful drug. Lives were saved. Also, the discovery of penicillin opened the way for other new antibiotics to be discovered. The discovery of penicillin was a major turning point in healthcare.

Until the 1970s, many new antibiotics found that at first is still sensitive. The last new class of antibiotics discovered in the 1980s (Figure 2.1). After the 1980s increasingly difficult to find new antibiotics, to maintain the efficacy of existing antibiotics were necessary measures to minimize the increase and spread of resistance to antibiotics, while efforts to find and develop new methods of treatment of the infection is still continued.1,15

Nearly all antibiotics are being defied by infections of certain bacteria. There is hope to have the resistance trend reversed if consideration is given to how good and bad bacteria is affected by drugs

Antimicrobial resistance is the ability of microbes to recalcitrant the outcome of drugs – that is, the germs are not destroy, and their advancement is not shut. Although some people are at better chance than others, no one can fully avoid the wager of wonder drug-resisting infections. Infections with resisting organisms are difficult to discourse, request sumptuous and sometimes toxic alternatives. Bacteria will inevitably find ways of resisting the antibiotics improved by humans, which is why aggressive movement is needed now to keep modern resistance from developing and to prevent the resistance that already live from spreading. Explanation of Bacteria and Other Microbes are organisms too inconsiderable for the eye to see and are found everywhere on Earth. There are many types of microbes: bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. While most microbes are unoffending and even serviceable to living organisms, some can mainspring indisposition among humans, other animals, and generate. These indisposition-causing microbes are invoke pathogens; sometimes they are apply to as “germs” or “germ.” All types of microbes have the address to develop resistance to the drudge created to destroy them, becoming dope-resistant organisms. How Resistance Happens Simply second-hand antibiotics created resistance. These pharmaceutical should only be custom to manage infections. Trends in Drug

A Scottish researcher, Alexander Fleming, discovered penicillin in September 1928. At the time, Fleming was experimenting with the influenza virus in a lab in London (Penicillin). After coming back from a two week vacation, Fleming noticed a mold had developed on an accidentally contaminated staphylococcus culture plate (Penicillin). Upon examination of the mold, he noticed that the culture prevented the growth of staphylococci. Fleming had discovered the world 's first antibiotic.

Have you ever had an infection before? Particularly, a bacterial infection. Millions of people are infected by means of bacteria per year in the United States alone (CDC 2017). At least two million of those residents are infected by bacteria that are resistant to the antibiotics that are currently on the market (CDC 2017). Bacterial infections are not the leading cause of mortality in the United States, but I believe that there is a need for a change in the way that the United States looks at antimicrobial research (CDC 2017). In this paper I will discuss the modes of antibacterial resistance, why pharmaceutical companies aren’t researching new antibiotics, and why this is an important global issue.

Antibiotics are medicines used to treat infections caused by bacteria. Antibiotic resistance means the medicine no longer works against the bacteria. Resistance can develop if you use antibiotics the wrong way.

The rapid emergence of antimicrobial resistant bacteria is a startling problem facing the medical community and this problem is only expected to worsen in the coming years1,4. When Sir Alexander Fleming discovered the first antibiotic, penicillin, in 1928, many proclaimed his finding as the most important modern medical discovery2,4. Simple infections such as pneumonia could be treated rather easily despite the fact that such diagnoses could prove to be commonly fatal in the early 20th century4. Penicillin was also successfully used as a prophylactic treatment to curtail bacterial infections from overcoming the Allied forces during the second World War2,4. However, it was only less than a decade later that the first penicillin resistant bacteria were detected and the once all-powerful antibiotic faced a startling Darwinian reminder: “… the history of evolution is that life escapes all barriers… Life breaks free... Life expands to new territories... Painfully, perhaps even dangerously... But life finds a way”3. It is due to life’s incredible ability to evolve and adapt that we find ourselves in a state of nervousness and apprehension about the “post-antibiotic apocalypse” that is approaching ever so rapidly.

Antibiotic resistance is found all over the world and has become a very serious problem in the treatment of disease. The 1995 US Office of Technology Assessment report attributed a cost of $1.3 billion (1992 dollars) per year for antibiotic-resistant infections due to six species of bacteria in US hospitals. While the real

Antimicrobial resistance. Overtime, microbes adapt to certain drugs causing them to mutate and resist drugs that would otherwise kill them or limit their growth (CDC, 2017). This resistance makes it harder for the body to fight infection since the existing drugs are less effective. Antimicrobial resistance affects over two million people in the US every year and of these two million, more than 23,000 die as a result (Michaelidis et al., 2016). Seemingly, the number one cause of antibiotic resistance is use of antibiotics, followed by the spread of resistant strains (CDC, 2017). The CDC also claims that resistant organisms require more costly and toxic alternatives and therefore, doctors should only prescribe antibiotics in appropriate durations when needed (2017). Colgan & Powers (2001) adds that appropriate prescribing of antibiotics may slow the rate of resistance. Unfortunately, physicians do not optimally prescribe antibiotics about half of the time (CDC, 2017), so antimicrobial resistance continues to be a growing issue in the field of medicine.

Antibiotics are an integral part of life today, without them the quality of life on Earth would be much different. Antibiotics are any substance that inhibits microbes, such as bacteria, by slowing down its growth or killing it. This is accomplished by targeting specific cellular processes or mechanisms of the microbe and altering or inhibiting them. Antibiotics occur naturally and are abundantly present in the environment. A large variety of microorganisms produce antibiotics, for example fungi or bacteria. Penicillin, which is produced by a fungus, was the first antibiotic discovered by scientists and eventually led to the development of the antibiotic industry, which in turn led to the proliferation of antibiotic resistance (Sengupta, 2013).