Pepino mosaic virus
Pepino mosaic virus, also called PepMV is a relatively new virus found in plants. It has become a wildly and fast spread virus. This virus is wide throughout and especially in tomato production. Thus pepino mosaic virus has become a significant commercial and agronomical problem. The first finding of this virus dates back to 1974 in field sample of pepino plants (Solanum muricatum) located in the Canete valley in coastal Peru. The symptom of the plant is yellow mosaic in young leaves. However this virus has not call any significant attention until 1999 when it was detected in protected commercial tomato crops in the UK and the Netherlands. Since 2005, new strains of the virus have rapidly spread through tomato producing region. (1) Pepino mosaic is a member of the genus Potexvirus within the family Flexiviridae. It has filamentous particles of around 510 nm in length which contains one genomic ssRNA molecule (6410nt). The particles are compromised of a single 26 kDa capsid protein. The observation under UV light appears to be arrays of virus-like filamentous particle. No vector has been identified. Studies have been made within a common aphid species (Myzus persicae) failed to detect any transmission. PepMV natural host range appears to be restricted to the Solanaceae family of which many species become infected systematically. But symptomless infections develop in inoculated leaves of Tetragonia expansa and Cucumis sativus. Natural infection
The mutation of existing viruses, the spread of existing viruses from one host species to another, and the dissemination of a viral disease from a small, isolated population that can lead to widespread epidemics.
Nipah virus, Arena Virus and Francisella tularensis are bioterrorism agents. They work in various ways to harm the host. Francisella tularenis is considered a Tier 1 bioterrorism agent and Nipah virus is an overlap select agent that affects humans and agriculture both. They have been harmful in the past. Though, Nipah virus is a newer virus than the other two. This review will focus on their emergence, pathogenicity and symptoms of the diseases they cause.
Viruses are microscopic organisms that can only replicate inside cells of the host organism. Viruses for the most part are so small you would have to use a conventional optical microscope. Viruses can infect any and all types of organisms, such as animals (to include Humans), plants and even bacteria as well as archaea (archaea constitutes a domain or kingdom of single-celled microorganisms). There are millions of different types of viruses. With viruses being believed to be the most abundant type of biological entity, they can be virtually found in every ecosystem on the planet.
virus” (AAV), because they are able to “insert their genetic material at a specific site
The beginning of my week started out with a very stressful situation that led me to an obstacle that I would have to overcome. The weather was miserable and that intensified how I felt. It was windy and pouring rain as I drove to the veterinarian's office in a panic. The problem was that our puppy suddenly became ill with virus like symptoms and appeared to be dying. I knew what the culprit was and have seen how horrible canine parvo virus can be. My next few decisions would reveal the puppies fate.
The Molluscum Contagiosum virus is caused by having direct contact with a surface or skin to skin contact
Viruses are microscopic particles that invade and take over both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. They consist of two structures, which are the nucleic acid and capsid. The nucleic acid contains all genetic material in the form of DNA or RNA, and is enclosed in the capsid, which is the protein coating that helps the virus attach to and penetrate the host cell. In some cases, certain viruses have a membrane surrounding the capsid, called an envelope. This structure allows viruses to become more stealthy and protected. There are two cycles in which a virus can go into: lytic and lysogenic. The lytic cycle consists of the virus attaching to a cell, injecting its DNA, and creating more viruses, which proceed to destroy the host. On the other hand, the lysogenic cycle includes the virus attaching to the cell, injecting its DNA, which combines with the cell’s DNA in order for it to become provirus. Then, the provirus DNA may eventually switch to the lytic cycle and destroy the host.
Smallpox is caused by the variola virus an extremely contagious disease. That can be spread through any type of contact with the virus. The virus is a member of the genus Orthopoxvirus, in the Poxviridae family. Smallpox has been considered eradicated in the United States since 1972. Virologists have speculated that it evolved from an African rodent poxvirus 10 millennia ago. The name is derived from the Latin word for "spotted" and refers to the raised bumps on the face and body of the patient. (Medscape.com) Smallpox has been to blame for the extinction and almost extinction of many cultures. The disease has been used as biological warfare since the beginning or war. At times,
This little package of mayhem consists of relatively few parts. A virus is simply a protein capsule called a capsid, sometimes surrounded by an envelope, containing a genome. The genome consists of nucleic acids arranged as DNA or less commonly, RNA. Dozens of variants of this fundamental arrangement exist with differences in the structure of the capsule and the arrangement of the genome. Small differences or changes in these components allow some viruses to continue to outmaneuver researchers, while millions of dollars are spent trying to understand and eliminate them.
Hand, foot, and mouth are parts of human body have the highest change to get contagious infection. There are many viruses but Enterovirus groups, (most common is the coxsackie virus) is the main factor. These viruses can spread through direct contact from person to person especially with those have bad habits such as: unusually washed hands or surfaces contaminated with feces. An infected person’s saliva, stool, or respiratory secretions can transmit the infection.
The similarity between the poliovirus and already solved plant virus’s led to a better understanding of how the poliovirus can regenerate within a host. Although the virus was similar to other plant viruses. The poliovirus was covered with more elaborate loops that are the site of monoclonal antibody escape mutations (Hogle, Chow and 229: 1358-1365Filman, Science). Individual proteins of the virus particle are produced by proteolytic cleavages from a larger precursor, yet the amino and carboxy-termini produced by proteolysis are very distinct. By noting this, Hogle and his team were able to conclude that proteolysis was not just making a lot of proteins from one gene, it is also controlling the timing of assembly (Hogle, Chow and Filman, Science 229: 1358-1365).
The origin of the disease has been described at the end of the movie where we find out that a bat with a virus known as paramyxovirus that infects a pig. The pigs that are for human consumption were located near a forest that was being cut down. The pig in turn infects human beings of the earth through a chef. The agent which is very infectious is known as MEV-1 and its potential spread is estimated at 6-7 which suggests that the virus is highly transmissible from one person to the next. The virus has been compared to that of a smallpox virus with a mortality rate of up to 30%.
Papaya crops are the second most important fruit crop currently being produced in Hawaii. When the Papaya Ringspot Virus began attacking and killing a large number of papaya crops, many Hawaiian residents were affected. In the1990s the Papaya Ringspot Virus, a plant virus, almost caused the extinction of the Hawaiian papaya. When papaya is affected by this virus the leaves and trunks become a distorted color. The resulting damage can even appear similar to mite damage. Newly planted papaya trees that have contracted the virus have stunted growth and will not be capable of producing a good crop. The papaya itself may even develop spots and bumps and often have a ring-like appearance. “Between the years 1993 and 2006 the papaya producing regions
1Agriculture Research Center (ARC), Department of Virus and Phytoplasma Research, Plant Pathology Research Institute, Giza, Egypt
Virus and Phytoplasma Research Department, Plant Pathology Research Institute, Agricultural Res. Center (ARC), Giza, Egypt.