Photosynthesis Lab Report

Have you ever really wondered how different variables can affect how plants go through photosynthesis? Well, in this experiment, the purpose was to see how various environmental conditions can affect the overall photosynthetic capacity of a specific plant. The factors, light, darkness, cold, and heat were applied to see how the different components would affect the photosynthesis on spinach plants. Each group was given a different factor to test. Out group was given the light factor. The hypothesis for this experiment is that when adding light as a factor, the light will affect the overall plant photosynthesis.

The purpose of this lab is to observe the effect of white, green, and dark light on a photosynthetic plant using a volumeter and followed by the calculation of the net oxygen production using different wavelengths color of white and green light, and also the calculation of oxygen consumption under a dark environment, and finally the calculation of the gross oxygen production.

Abstract: The purpose of this lab is to separate and identify pigments and other molecules within plant cells by a process called chromatography. We will also be measuring the rate of photosynthesis in isolated chloroplasts. Beta carotene, the most abundant carotene in plants, is carried along near the solvent front because it is very soluble in the solvent being used and because it forms no hydrogen bonds with cellulose. Xanthophyll is found further from the solvent font because it is less soluble in the solvent and has been slowed down by hydrogen bonding to the cellulose. Chlorophylls contain oxygen and nitrogen and are bound more tightly to the paper than the other pigments.

DNA mutations occur and it changes how the amino acid will turn out. A bunch of amino acids make up one protein. So, DNA mutation occurs and literally changes the outcome of the protein. An example of this is the following sequences that shows change throughout the codes.

The light dependent reactions in a cell uses the suns energy to produce ATP (adenosine triphosphate) and NADPH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) for the Calvin cycle. The process starts when light strikes an electron in the absorption pigments in the leaves of the plant. The electron jumps away onto the electron transport chain, and the absorption pigment is left with a positive charge. This pulls electrons off of the hydrogen atoms in water in the nearby lumen. This causes an imbalance in the concentration of positive ions between the lumen and the stroma, causing the protons to leave the lumen and move into the stroma.

There is some redundancy in the code as most of the amino acids may be encoded by more than one codon. Moreover, the code can be expressed as RNA or DNA codons with the former being used during translation (i.e. creation of proteins) after acquiring its sequence of nucleotides from the latter during transcription (i.e. copying of DNA into mRNA).

Protein synthesis pretty much translates the codons which are the nucleotide triplets of the messenger RNA into the 20 symbol code of amino acids that shape the polypeptide chain of the proteins. The process of RNA transformation, begins from its 5 end towards its 3 end as the polypeptide chain. In addition, it is manufactured from its amino terminal to its carboxyl-terminal. There are no important changes in the protein synthesis phases in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, though there is one main difference among the construction of the RNA, and that is that prokaryotes regularly have numerous coding areas. On the other hand, the eukaryotic RNA has only one coding area. But protein synthesis can fall with a mutation. One way that it can occur is by a mistake made when the DNA chemical damage or when it was being copied. Sometimes, copying errors can delete or insert spare letters of the genetic code. Because these deletions and insertions can make the gene to produce proteins much shorter or much longer, the faults can have a great impact. Areas of the genes deliver guidelines for formation of protein molecules. Theses accomplish some of the main jobs in cells. On the other hand, there are certain kinds of mutations where they end up silent or can have no effect what so ever, but others can affect the making of protein in a many ways. Also, mutation in a promoter or enhancer area,

RNA interference takes advantage of an intermediate step between DNA and protein. DNA acts as a blueprint for the final protein by using messenger RNA (mRNA) . The mRNA is a messenger molecule between DNA and protein synthesis. There is a two steps process need to be completed in order to go from gene to protein. The first step in protein synthesis is transcription, it takes place in a cell’s nucleus, where the DNA template is used to make a single strand of mRNA. Then, the messenger RNA exits the nucleus and enters the cytoplasm. Now it serves as the template for making the protein. After that, with the help of several different molecules, a string of amino acids forms due to the order of the mRNA bases. This process is called translation

In this experiment the effects of exogenously applied RA on early neural development of zebrafish embryos were observed. It included immunocytochemical and histochemical analysis of the developing embryos along with quantitative analysis of their anatomy. Knowing that RA is a positional signaling molecule, they wanted to observe the changes that occur to the anatomy of the zebrafish embryos at different stages when exposed to RA. Embryos at 50% epiboly and midgastrula stage were exposed to RA concentrations ranging from 10-9¬ to 10-6 M, and embryos at early and late gastrula stages were exposed to RA concentrations of 10-7 M. For immuniohistochemical analysis, antibodies 4D9, HNK-1, and MZ15 were used, HNK-1 was used as a marker of neural crest migration, MZ15 in labeling notochord tissue, and 4D9 in identifying engrailed

It is imperative for the interpretation of genes and the production of proteins. Moreover, it is a precision guide that constructs the genome along fundamental and biochemical constraints. This played a key role in allowing the code to be conserved over the course of 3 billion years and enables it to shape how mutations affect the evolution of the genome.

The process of mutation changing to the genetic code was observed and the results of it. The main outcomes looked for in this lab were to be able to describe the basic structure of DNA and RNA, be able to design a simulation model that shows the replication of both RNA and DNA, to be able to create models in a simulation that demonstrate both transcription and

My hypothesis was correct. To measure the amount of carbon dioxide or CO2 in an exhaled breath, you need to use BTB solution and sodium hydroxide. In our procedure, the BTB reacted to the carbon dioxide and the sodium hydroxide reverses the reaction which allowed us to measure how much carbon dioxide is in our exhaled breath. As seen in the data, it took 5 drops of sodium hydroxide to get the BTB solution that had carbon dioxide blew into it to be the same color of the controlled BTB solution.

Xylose was used to produce cephalosporin C (CPC) by Acremonium (A.) chrysogenum because of its effect on biosynthesis. When A. chrysogenum cultures were performed containing 6% of xylose as a main carbon source, NADPH concentration was found to be 0.061 mol/Lg cell at 96 h and was maintained at ∼0.06 mol/Lg cell for 72 h. Moreover, the cystathionine-γ-lyase level was maintained at ∼0.207 U/g cell by 144 h. The cell growth and CPC production at 6% xylose were 71.23 g/L and 8.29 g/L, respectively, at 96 h. The gene expression for CPC synthesis and efflux was confirmed. The effect of xylose on CPC was integrated with glycerol culture for CPC production. The culture of mixed carbon source using both glycerol and xylose showed the synergistic effect, maximizing their advantages.

Transcription is the beginning of the process that ultimately leads to the translation of the genetic code into a peptide or protein.

Photosynthesis is a vital process that autotrophs use to transfer light energy into chemical energy. Photosynthesis ultimately produces O2 and glucose. It, like many other biological processes, can be affected by environmental variables. The variable that we altered in the following experiment are intensity, light wavelengths, and pigment types. In order to do this, we conducted three experiments. In the first experiment, we examined the effect of light intensity by placing vials with chloroplasts with DPIP at different light distances in which the results varied. Initially, 30cm away was the most effective for photosynthesis. Then 24cm appeared to be the most effective. Followed by 49cm at minutes 25 and 30. In the second experiment, we