Physics : Dark Matter, The Sun, Other Stars, And Galaxies

To discover what the universe is made of and how it works is the challenge of particle

Saturday,  19  April  2014,  4:38  PM Finished Saturday,  19  April  2014,  5:30  PM 51  mins  31  secs 100.00  out  of  a  maximum  of  100.00

Astronomers believe there is enough dark matter in the universe to slow its expansion gradually toward a stop.

The moons, asteroids and comets are smaller surrounding bodies. The Galaxy is an enormous cloud consisting of stars, gas, and dust. An accumulated gravity of its matter holds the Galaxy together. The Universe is made up of everything that exists. This includes galaxies, stars, and planets.

Feldstein, Brian, and Felix Kahlhoefer. "A New Halo-independent Approach to Dark Matter Direct Detection Analysis." Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics 8 (2014): n. pag. Web of Science. Web. 11 Nov. 2015.

13) When we say a star “moves” on a H-R diagram we are not saying that it is physically moving from one place to another, we are saying that it is transitioning from one stage of its evolutionary life to another. For example we might say it is moving from pre-main sequence to main sequence. This means that the star has moves from an early stage in its life to the middle stage of its life. It has physically stayed in the same place in space.

About 22 years ago WWIII began. They say the world population dropped from 7.5 billion to about 2 billion. Then 1 year later The Dark Sun rose. The Dark Sun is a terrorist group lead by Emperor Sivorisk. They rose from the ashes of the world, and they are the only ones in history to ever achieve what any super villain wants… world domination.

The Universe has cooled sufficiently so it allows energy to be converted into various subatomic particles which include protons, neutrons and electron.

Once the temperature of the Universe dropped below the neutron-proton mass difference, neutrons began decaying into protons. If the early baryon density was low, then it was difficult for a proton to find a neutron with which to make helium before too many of the neutrons decayed away to account for the amount of helium we see today. So by measuring the He/H ratio today, they can calculate the necessary baryon density shortly after the Big Bang, and, consequently, the total number of baryons today. It turns out that you need about 0.05 M total baryonic matter to account for the known proportion of light isotopes. So only 1/20 of the total mass of the Universe is baryonic matter. This is probably the reason why Astronomers claim that Dark matter must exist to account for the gravity that holds galaxies together. If the only matter in the universe was matter we could directly detect, galaxies would not have had enough matter to have ever formed. The galaxies we observe today would fly apart because they wouldn't have enough matter to create a strong enough gravity to hold themselves together. Dark matter is also responsible for amplifying small fluctuations in the Cosmic Microwave Background back in the early universe to create the large scale structure we observe in the universe today.

Dark matter and dark energy are two entities that have very little known about them, except that they make up about 95 percent of the universe. Even though this is a large part of the universe, it wasn’t even thought about until the 1960’s or the 1970’s. This is because of the fact that it is very hard to detect and almost impossible to see. Although it is impossible to see, we can see the effects of them both in our galaxy.

In inspiring people to have the passion in understanding the universal laws that govern us all, Professor Stephen Hawking reminds us on his speech for his 70th birthday to “remember to look up at the stars and not down at your feet” (enoch, 2012). Many scientists have been “looking up” and have discovered answers to the many questions that we have of the universe for ages. They have constructed theories, launched satellites, observed stellar phenomena, and even sent living beings in space to gain more understanding of the existence of everything. After centuries of research and observation, there are still some aspects of Astronomy that are still to be explored. One of them is the evolution of the Solar System, which is composed of the Sun and everything that travels around it. This includes eight planets and their natural satellites such as the Earth’s moon; dwarf planets such as Pluto and Ceres; asteroids; comets and meteoroids (Solar System Exploration, 2014). The Solar System is located in the Milky Way Galaxy, which is a part of a galactic group under the Virgo Supercluster. Figure 1 shows the location of our Solar System in the Universe. Many theories have been proposed on how the Solar System existed, but none has been completely successful. This spans from the time of the Ancient Greeks to the present 21st Century. As of now, the widely accepted theory is the Nebular Theory, which describes how the Solar System started as a large cloud of gas that contracted under

The particles include photinos, neutrinos, gravitinos, axions, and magnetic monopoles, among many others. Of these, researchers have detected only neutrinos -- and whether neutrinos have any mass remains unknown. Experiments are under way to detect other exotic particles. If they exist, and if one has a mass in the correct range, then that particle might pervade the universe and constitute dark matter.

I have always had an interest in science, especially in the sciences regarding outer space. When I was younger I was always fascinated with rockets, and especially in stars. I have often regretted not pursuing this interest at its infancy. I do remember going to the Planetarium, and studying about a topic that I had seen talked about on television. The topic was black holes, and back then all that they knew was that they were black. The idea of a space in the universe that is completely void of light was difficult to imagine. Recently, I have learned more about this topic and a science call cosmology. I had never even heard of this field of science before I was introduced to a scientist by the name of

The Standard Model of particle physics teaches us the subatomic composition of the universe. It tells the fundamental building blocks which out of this is what the world is made of and the forces in which these blocks interact. The basic building blocks include the six quarks and their other six are leptons. As far as we remember, the four fundamental forces that are present in the universe are gravity, weak nuclear forces, strong nuclear force, and electromagnesim.

A galaxy, also called a nebula, consists of billions of stars, interstellar gas, dust, and dark matter which are all bound to form a massive cloud in which we live in. Although it cannot be very well explained, dark matter makes up at least 90% of a galaxy’s mass.