Pre Eclampsia Research Paper

Physiological changes occurring in Amber’s body are happening in her gastrointestinal, urinary, respiratory and cardiovascular system. She is feeling sick because of the increased hCG, progesterone and estrogen levels. Her story is only until her 11th week of her pregnancy, but she may feel many symptoms throughout the rest of her pregnancy if it is not aborted. Those symptoms could be increased urination because the kidneys are disposing of fetal metabolic waste as well as her own. Blood volume also rises to help accommodate the fetus’ needs (Marieb & Hoehn 2013).

During pregnancy women experience an increased appetite and cravings, or distaste of other food types (Niebyl, 2010). It is theorised that NV in pregnancy occurs due to evolutionary change, it’s advantageous to pregnant women by avoiding food which may contain microorganisms or unsafe toxins. The relationship between hCG and NVP are linked into protection of the vital development and formation of the embryo in the early to second trimester of pregnancy by avoiding potentially harmful foods (Lee & Saha, 2011).

As woman age, they will find that pregnancy can be extra hard on the body, causing health issues such as high blood pressure, with some woman developing preeclampsia. Preeclampsia, a pregnancy-induced hypertension disorder which affects both mother and fetus poses the real possibility of impacting renal function along with the development of HELLP syndrome. When a woman develops this HELLP syndrome they are a risk of hemolysis; the breakdown of red blood cells, elevated liver enzymes, and low plate count putting her a greater risk of complications that cause death (Preeclampsia Foundation, pg1). The only known way to cure this disorder is to deliver the baby and placenta, even if the baby is premature because not only can this kill the mother, but it has repercussions for the fetus as well. When it comes to the fetus, preeclampsia causes an inadequate nutrition supply because of the insufficiency of the placenta to regulate how the fetus gets its nutrients, which can lead to growth retardation and further heath compilations later in life (Lapidus MD,

Celiac disease (CD), one of the most common autoimmune disorders in the world, is also one of the most underdiagnosed, in no small part thanks to the many different ways it can present in the clinic. Celiac disease was thought of as a children’s malabsorptive disease and was characterized by chronic diarrhea, abdominal distension, fatigue, and vomiting. But celiac diease patients can experience many non-gastrointestinal symptoms, including the effect of the reproductive of health of women. “The problem with celiac disease and pregnancy is that you have poor absorption of nutrients, because you have all of this constant diarrhea and an inflammatory reaction in your bowels,” says Michelle Collins, CNM, an assistant professor of nurse-midwifery

5) During pregnancy, the fetus does not have a fully formed immune system. Some diseases are particularly harmful for pregnant women and their fetus. Many of these bacteria can be prevented through immunization. Vaccination during pregnancy not only protects the mother against diseases, but they can also pass some protection onto their unborn baby. Many

Hyperhemesis gravidarum is a condition in which the pregnant woman experiences severe nausea and vomiting. Although the causes of hyperemesis gravidarum are not well known; however, many believe that elevated blood level of human chorionic gonadotopin (HCG) may be a contributing factor of this condition. Currently the cause of nausea and vomiting in pregnancy is unknown, although there is strong evidence linking human chorionic gonadotropin or estrogens as well as genetic susceptibility possibly mediated through the vestibuloocular reflex pathway (Fejzo et al., 2012). The following case scenario refers to a 22 weeks pregnant woman admitted to the labor and delivery unit with severe nausea

Prenatal stress is exposure of an expectant mother to distress, which can be caused by stressful life events or by environmental hardships. The resulting changes to the mother's hormonal and immune system may harm the fetus's immune function and brain development.

Expecting a child or children can be an exciting experience for expecting parents; however, it may take a physical and mental toll on the mother. During the nine-month period of pregnancy, the baby forms and grows inside the mother’s womb, but all the while the development becomes stronger, the mother becomes weaker. Side effects of pregnancy can include morning sickness, frequent urination, constipation, weaker tissue, and many more obnoxious occurrences. One of the less common side effects that affect the pregnancy altogether is a miscarriage, in which the mother loses the child/children in the first twenty weeks. There are many situations that can lead to miscarriages, such as the egg having an incorrect number of chromosomes, the egg not

Alterations in the TLR 4 gene are common in preeclampsia patients and even more with those with HELLP syndrome, leading an autoimmune related disorder and sever hypertensive disorder during pregnancy. The hypertension can lead to liver damage and proteinuria.7,8

Children born to mothers who had the prenatal disorder, preeclampsia, when the mother has an alarming increase of blood pressure, likely have a gene that impacts the blood vessels. This gene is likely one of the causes of the complications, and the discovery of this gene could be used to create ways to stop and prevent preeclampsia for once and for all. This could mean nearly 70,000 women’s lives could be saved annually.

During pregnancy, the positive feedback loop that plays a part in regulating products of the HPA axis is altered. Prenatal levels of cortisol and placental corticotropin-releasing hormone (pCRH) have been shown to be elevated during pregnancy. Placental corticotropin-releasing hormone is considered a “placental clock” that changes the development of the onset of parturition (Glynn, Davis Sandman, 2013). According to Glynn et al., these elevations have been linked to changes in the sensitivity of cortisol in the anterior pituitary and also to a decline in corticotropin-releasing hormone secretion centrally. Also, the HPA refractory period is shown to increase when additions of more extreme adrenal insufficiencies occur. A longer refractory

The period of gestation is one of the most important predictors of an infant’s subsequent health and survival. Precipitating elements include genetic, endocrine, anatomic, immunologic, and microbiologic factors; however, in almost 50% of the cases the etiology remains unexplained [3, 4]. Some studies have led to the awareness that immunological factors play an important role in establishing a successful pregnancy. Considerable evidence has accumulated indicating that cytokines play an important role in the maintenance of pregnancy by modulating the immune system [5]. IL-10 is highly expressed in the uterus and placenta and is implicated in controlling inflammation-induced pathologies of pregnancy. IL-10 has been implicated as a key anti-inflammatory

Preeclampsia – is a result of generalized vasospasm. In normal pregnancy, vascular volume and cardiac output increase significantly but blood pressure will remain normal because pregnant women develop resistance to effects of vasoconstrictors such as angiotensin II. In preeclampsia, peripheral vascular resistance increases because women are sensitive to angiotensin II and they may also have a decrease in vasodilators. Vasospasms decreases the diameter of blood vessels, which result in endothelial cell damage and decrease EDRF (endothelium-derived relaxing factor). Vasoconstriction impeded blood flow and elevate blood pressure, and decreased circulation to kidneys, liver, brain and placenta. Decreased blood flow to kidneys reduces

Nausea may be a manifestation of somatic symptom disorder, or stress may contribute directly to nausea. Stress can also exacerbate the symptoms of pre-existing nausea and emesis in a circular pattern of cause and effect that is difficult to distinguish. Increased levels of estrogen, progesterone, and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) may contribute to the development of nausea during pregnancy as well. Studies have not yet demonstrated a causal link, but the coincidental timing of hCG peaking in the first trimester and the typical onset of nausea in pregnancy – especially hyperemesis gravidarum – is hard to ignore. Both estrogen and progesterone relax smooth muscle and consequently slow gastric motility, potentially leading to nausea and even emesis. Myriad other causes have been postulated including deficiencies in specific macronutrients or vitamins/minerals, autoimmune conditions, and autonomic

Pregnant women with asthma are at a higher risk of hypertension or pre-eclampsia during pregnancy, both of which have their own complications on mother and baby.