Introduction
Blast protection, until recently, has only needed to be considered when constructing underground shelters and military bunkers. Currently, however, there is a need for urban buildings and similar structures used consistently by the general public to withstand forces from nearby explosions. This need is due to the recent climb in terrorist attacks in urban or crowded environments. These attacks have used the lack of blast resistance in these buildings as a means for creating widespread havoc through detonating an improvised explosive device (IED). These devices range from explosives planted inside a structure to roadside or vehicular bombs. An urban environment causes even relatively small explosions to be extremely potent
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Structures that collapse in an urban environment result in casualties inside the building and also result in collateral damage that may cause nearby structures to also collapse. This effect was seen in the collapse of the World Trade Center in New York City, although this collapse was not a result of the initial explosion. Had the towers not collapsed, it is estimated that close to half of the deaths could have been prevented (Dwyer). It is therefore vitally important for buildings that suffer damage from explosions to remain structurally stable for as long as
Building description Pressure (psi) Damage description
Steel frame–metal building 1.25
1.50
2.50
5.00 Metal siding anchorage failure
Sheeting torn off and internal walls damaged. Danger from falling objects
Building stands, but cladding and internal walls destroyed as frames distort
Building completely destroyed
Unreinforced masonry bearing wall system 1.00
1.25
1.50
3.00 Partial collapse of walls that have no fenestrations
Walls and roof partially collapse
Complete collapse
Building completely destroyed
Steel or concrete frame with unreinforced masonry or infill cladding 1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
5.00 Failure of incident wall face
Walls pushed in
Roof slab collapse
Complete frame collapse
Building completely destroyed
Reinforced concrete or masonry shear all building 4.00
6.00
12.0 Roof and wall deflect under loading. Internal walls damaged
Building has major
“Several pedestrians were killed by the people falling from the sky. A fireman was killed by a body falling from the sky” (Doyle 1169). Not only innocent people that were in the twin towers were killed, but bystanders were killed as
Also if one takes a look at the video footage of the World Trade Center’s collapsing, one can clearly see several levels down a perfect explosion coming out level by level by level. The explosions are so precise that there is no possible way that they could’ve occurred by the collapsing itself. These explosions were caused by bombs that were placed inside the World Trade Center days before September 11th. An unexplained fire drill evacuation can prove that claim because why would everyone be ordered to evacuate the building days before September 11th? Maybe they were preparing for something in the event of an emergency (Hoffman, 2005). Actor Charlie Sheen says in an interview with Texas radio host Alex Jones (2006), "Call me insane, but did it sort of look like those buildings came down in a controlled demolition?" (¶ 3).
Planted explosives in the buildings would be able to make this pattern of falling possible. There is a group of 2,500 architects and engineers, of Architects and Engineers for 9/11 Truth, that concur that the evidence found at the collapse site as well as the way in which the buildings fell suggests a controlled demolition was involved in the collapse of the buildings. The key factor that changed their minds, and mine, is the fall pattern concerning Building 7 of the World Trade Center. Building 7 was a headquarters of the C.I.A., and it was this building that fell in only 7 seconds. The same engineers and architects from Architects and Engineers for 9/11 Truth also concluded that how this building came down matches the fall pattern of a controlled demolition. After watching the video of the collapse of Building 7 and a video of a controlled demolition, I saw that the buildings fell in identical patterns. NIST released a report and held a press conference to try to explain Building 7’s collapse. NIST stated that the building had been damaged by office fires and that is what caused the building to collapse, though Fire Protection Engineer Scott Grainger states that “high rise buildings simply do not collapse due to fire” (Architects & Engineers for 9/11 Truth: Science of 9/11, 2017). When I saw the video of the building collapsing there were squibs, dust clouds, being shot out of the building in a synchronized manner that was similar to the controlled demolition video. The middle of the building was the first part of the building to begin collapse, followed by the rest of the building. This second part of the collapse would occur milliseconds behind the first, which contradicts the recreation of the building collapse NIST produced. Their recreation shows the corners of the building falling inward, which the actual
It has been 16 years and we have yet to hear a case where skyscrapers collapse in the same manner that the twin towers did. Insiders have reported that the Twin Towers design was constructed so that smaller floors were on top, so how could the smaller floors destroy the bigger floors below them just by fire? In his book titled 9/11: The Simple Facts: Why the Official Story Can’t Possibly Be True, Arthur Naiman states two undeniable facts. First, he makes the statement that “Nothing ever falls into the path of greatest resistance.” Within this claim, Arthur compares the twin towers to a tree. If the top of a tree were to catch fire and burn directly downward through the trunk it may seem plausible. The twin towers contained over 80,000 tons of steel, which is way denser, making it impossible for the towers to fall evenly. His second claim is that “Fires don’t suddenly destroy entire buildings evenly and completely.” He supports this claim by stating that only artificial fires would burn an entire building symmetrically. Given that natural fires leave some objects out, not everything is destroyed. These inconsistencies are crucial in the explanation of the 9/11 conspiracy because they avoid using just theory, actual facts are presented that avoid
In this article, one of the main issues is that the tower’s structural engineer, Lee Robertson, addressed the problem of terrorism in the plans for the building, claiming he “designed it for a (Boeing) 707 to hit it”. In the center of the tower there is a central support core. This core is built of sheer concrete reinforced by 44 beams of construction grade steel, which were sealed in asbestos. When the plane hit the north tower it took a direct hit to the core, but the plane that hit the south tower went in on an angle, almost parallel to the core structure. The fuel barley grazes the core of the south tower, with most
Just about 15 minutes after that terror in Washington D.C occurred, all of the terror in New York took a turn for the worse when the World Trade Center collapsed in a large cloud of just dust and smoke. The steel of the building can hold through 200 mile
While hijacked airplanes on 9/11 caused the most fatalities of any single terrorist incident, the majority of terrorist attacks are carried out by conventional explosives and secondary devices. This is a broad category that includes incendiary devices, pressure bombs, car bombs, and any other explosive device. These weapons are low cost, low tech, and easy to construct. Out of the five CBRNE categories, explosives are by far the most likely hazard to be encountered (FEMA,
No steel-beam high-rise had ever before (or since) completely collapsed due to fires! However, such complete and nearly symmetrical collapses in tall steel-frame buildings have occurred many times before—all of them due to pre-positioned explosives in a procedure called “implosion” or controlled demolition. (22)
A secondary school child could explain a test on the subject of dormancy, effect, and influence of the huge crashes on the two 107-stories WTC 1 and WTC 2 that brought about the breakdown of the 50-stories WTC 7. The other four towers were so little it would have been impossible shake brutally enough to fall. The basic truth was that the crashes of the two planes with the upper parts of WTC 1 and WTC 2 were seen by numerous individuals and recorded on features. In that capacity, the effect from impacts at the upper part of the towers must be calculated into the reenactment, for its total power of effect, its influence on shearing the base of the structures, and its warm impact in starting the falling breakdown. Tower 7 was both sufficiently high to catch more prominent vibration than each other tower and sufficiently close to be completely overwhelmed in fiery remains, garbage, and
The construction of the Skyline Plaza in Fairfax County came to a halt early in the afternoon on March 2, 1973. It was originally speculated by the workers on site that the crane assisting in lifting materials to the higher sections of the building failed and fell into the side of the building causing the collapse. However, Author Dov Kaminetsky conducted research alongside the National Bereau of Standards(NBS), and published his book, Design and Construction: Lessons from Forensic Investigations.[2] Kaminetsky provides the conclusion of NBS 's investigation that the collapse was a result of shear construction error. The building began to collapse as construction workers proceeded to remove the concrete shoring between the middle sector of the building, specifically the 22nd and 23rd floor. The shoring process requires the placement of a concrete structure to support a building while under construction to prevent the collapse of the operation. The result of the collapse took the lives of 14 construction workers and 35 other individuals near the building. With proper critique to policies and evaluation of work orders, further disasters may be prevented in the future in the United States. So how did theinvestigationn of the
Out of the entire World Trade Center complex WTC 7 is the furthest away, but somehow still manages to collapse. More than 8 hours after the initial attack, at 5:21 p.m., WTC 7 collapsed in 6.5 seconds. This building was also a steel framed building and was not even struck by a plane but mysteriously falls. There is absolutely no reason for this building to fall unless except it was planned. After the buildings collapsed a scientist found traces of thermite, and explosive compound and also Thermate, which is a patented brand of thermite used in the demolition industry! WTC 7 collapsed the same way a building in a controlled demolition would collapse. It gives out in the middle causing it to collapse on itself and not letting it fall onto other buildings. A controlled demolition would also explain the seismic evidence recorded close of two small earthquakes just before the towers collapse. The only valid explanation as to how 3 steel towers could collapse, and one being unstruck is that it was a controlled demolition and the government used explosives to destroy the
“The (WTC) collapse appeared to be similar to a controlled demolition” (Thomas, 07/08/2011). Many speculated that the towers were in fact blown down with explosives placed in selected locations. Some witnesses accounted hearing explosions inside the building as they attempted to escape the building. Many architects and scientists maintain that jet fuel cannot produce enough heat to melt the steel frame of the two buildings. There were no planes to hit building 7 of the trade center, but it was demolished in the same fashion as the twin towers were.
New York Times reports that this event killing nearly 1100 people, because the building was unstable in their giant cracks in the foundation and walls.
When a building is on fire, those inside expect that the structure will hold up long enough for a safe escape. In the twin towers, this did not hold true. On September 11, 2001, the World Trade Center, once a beacon for commerce and business was attacked by two hijacked planes. The explosion caused the jet fuel to ignite, sending fire through the buildings. Ineffective fireproofing led to a catastrophic amount of deaths and victims. In Jim Dwyer and Kevin Flynn’s 102 Minutes: The Unforgettable Story of the Fight to Survive Inside the Twin Towers, stories and statistics from first hand accounts help to prove that this is true. The greatest contributing factor to the loss of live on 9/11 was the ineffective fireproofing in the World Trade Center.
The Citicorp Tower in New York City originally had an extreme design flaw that could have caused catastrophic damage to the city. The design of the building incorporated the use of nine story stilts constructed in the middle of each side. The structure of the building implemented a chevron bracing design to make the building significantly lighter to reduce swaying during windy conditions. William LeMessurier, the structural engineer, designed the building based on strong perpendicular winds, but failed to account for the quartering winds that strike the building’s corners. LeMessurier concluded that there was a fault in the design and a high probability of an incident occurring in the future. The building would later hate additional structural