Purification Research Paper

The Water Pollution Acts (1977 and 1990) and the EPA Act 1992 were licenced, which outline the control of discharge of various materials in industrial activities. They enforce industrial companies to use various technologies to remove or recover the metals from wastewater before released to sewer. Most of the companies are unable to treat the waste themselves due to cost effective treatment to remove these metals, therefore they send their wastewater to companies such as RILTA environmental. There are many technologies available for recovery of heavy metals from wastewater such as electrodialysis, ion exchange and reverse osmosis. However these techniques may be expensive and ineffective especially when the metals are present in the wastewater

I believe that recycled purified water is a good idea to be used due to the situation we are in. If we use Class A purified recycled water, it means that it is claimed to be 100% purified. If we have water that is Class A recycled it means it is as close as we can get to its original state. This is also referred to as the advanced process. Class A purified removes organics, salts, ionic contaminates, micro-organisms and waterborne viruses.

Uranium is hard, malleable and ductile. Uranium metal has a very high density. It is very reactive so cannot be found in the environment in its elemental form. When finely divided, it can react with cold water. In air it is coated by uranium oxide, tarnishing rapidly. It is attacked by steam and acids. It has the ability to form solid solutions and inter- metallic compounds with many metals. While Uranium is not hazardous by itself, some of its by-products and decay products pose a huge threat upon build-up.

Uranium is a common naturally occurring radioactive element in the earth's crust. It was initially used to coloring glass or ceramic glaze (M. Eisenbud & T. Gesell 1963: 319), whereas it became the nuclear fuel used in nuclear reactors and atomic bomb until 1939 when O. Hahn and F. Strassmann discovered the nuclear fission of uranium, and its released tremendous energy can be used for generate electricity or as a weapon. Even there occurred such a speech, 'who owns the uranium could be the world' (T. Zoellner 2009). Therefore, the world has entered a uranium mining boom. Meantime, it also has given rise to people's discussions whether the uranium mining should be on a large scale without restrictions. Some people believe that uranium

Nanotechnology, the manipulation of matter on the molecular scale, can be applied to numerous scientific fields, such as medicine, surface chemistry, micro fabrication, and organic chemistry (Destito, Schneemann & Manchester, 2009). In general, these small-sized particles are used to improve the functioning of commercial products and, in the subsection of nanomedicine, are used for therapeutics, tumor targeting, and vaccines (Crisci, Bárcena & Montoya, 2012). For example, the use of molecular nanotechnology improves vehicle fuel cells and catalytic converters, helps filter wastewater, and strengthens commercial products, such as bowling balls and glue. (Doll et. al., 2012). Harisinghani, through multiple experiments, also discovered that nanoparticles such as iron oxide can be used to image lymph nodes in patients with prostate cancer (Destito et. al., 2009). However, even with their vast range of applications, nanotechnology continues to raise issues on its toxicity and negative impact on the environment (Destito et. al., 2009).

a healthier, cheaper, and safer alternative to uranium, and is essential to the future and success

Physico-chemical methods such as chemical precipitation, chemical oxidation or reduction, filtration, ion exchange, electrochemical treatment, reverse osmosis, membrane technology and evaporation recovery have been widely used to remove heavy metal ions. These technologies usually produce wastes with high concentrations of metals which are a significant source of environmental pollution. Furthermore, the above methods may be ineffective or expensive, especially when the heavy metal concentrations

Filtration is a technique which separates more than two substances from a fluid stream. The selective membrane plays a role of a selective barrier. It permits the passage of particular constituents of the mixture while trapping other mixture components. Commonly used membrane processes encompass reverse osmosis (hyperfiltration), ultrafiltration and microfiltration. The ultrafiltration membrane separates suspended solids from water sources without coagulation. An ultrafiltration retains particles whose molecular weights range from 1000 to 1,000,000. An ultrafiltration functions by driving the mixture solution under pressure over the appropriately supported membrane. The gradient of the pressure pushes the small species and the solvent through the membrane pores while trapping large mixture component. Backflushing or addition of chlorinated water is used to clean the membrane. They restore the pores of the membrane and allow the usage of the membrane for unlimited periods. There various pros and cons of different types of membrane ultrafiltration and their usage vary from one type to another. This paper discusses technical appreciation of the membrane ultrafiltration in the removal of environmental contaminants. It also highlights the present applications, practice and future opportunities of ultrafiltration membrane in the removal of environmental contaminants.

Nuclear energy for example, is a relatively new kind of energy technology that is being introduced into our world. Coal and natural gas make up old technology and are currently the major energy sources in the United States. Some benefits of nuclear energy are that “nuclear energy innovations have made it a much more feasible choice than others. They have high energy density as compared to fossil fuels. The amount of fuel required by nuclear power plant is comparatively less than what is required by other power plants

Access to clean water is a basic human right and yet people around the world don’t have that right and they struggle to survive without it. The many uses of clean and potable water include water for drinking to cooking other daily purpose. It is reported that over 1.1 billion people lack access to an improved water resource and three million individuals, and majority of them children, suffer and die from water-related disease. The need to improve water quality and providing clean water should be major project for developed countries like the US and so called “well developed countries”.

Nanomaterials (NMs) have at least one dimension in the size range of 1 to 100 nm 16 and have novel or unusual size-dependent properties. They have been drawn attention for use in environmental remediation due to their efficiency and effectiveness 17-20, potentially low cost although there are still concerns regarding toxicity other issues. Iron oxide NMs have attracted extensive interest for various applications due to their unique properties such as high specific surface area, superparamagnetism 21, and easy synthesis 22 . More recently, NMs have been tested for oil separation from water to good effect 23-27. Although several of engineered iron oxide NMs have been developed and tested, there are many remaining problems of applicability feasibility, for instance costs and scale-up. To our knowledge, there are no studies assessing the environmental toxicity of such NMs

Mahdavi et al. (2012) reported that the removal of Ni, Cu, As, Sr, Mo and Ba by Parachlorella kessleri, from Syncrude tailings pond water was significantly enhanced by high concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus, whereas the high nutrient concentrations adversely affected the removal of Co, Ni, As, Sr and Mo in samples of Albian tailings pond water. In order to make it more suitable for biosorption process, algae waste obtained after oil extraction, have been activated by alkaline treatment and used for cadmium(II) removal in batch and column systems. For batch systems, the effect of initial cadmium(II) concentration and contact time was studied in optimal experimental conditions (pH of 5.0, 8 g biomass L-1). Langmuir isotherm model and pseudo-second order kinetics model describe the experimental data well. For column studies, the alkaline treated algae waste biomass was mixed with an industrial ion exchanger resin (Purolite A-100) in order to prevent the clogging of column. Bohart-Adams, Thomas and Yoon-Nelson models were used to fit breakthrough curves obtained under varying conditions. Five biosorption/desorption cycles have yielded between 98.83 and 92.39% biosorbent regeneration. The biosorbent could efficient remove cadmium (II) from industrial wastewater, and obtained effluent has

The next article takes a similar approach about water purification since it targets individual small bodies of water. An ultraviolet lamp eliminates all types of bacteria and dirt, ensuring clean and pure water. The only problem with this is that it leaves only distilled water, which is water that is drained of all its minerals; this makes distilled water not suitable for drinking.

“When we look at samples prepared in the conventional way, we have to make many assumptions about their properties based on their final state, but with the new technique, we can now observe these processes first-hand,” Prozorov explains. “It can help us understand the dynamics of macromolecule aggregation, nanoparticle self-assembly, and the effects of electric and magnetic fields on that process.” This bears significant implications for biotechnological applications, especially in light of recent research regarding the use of magnetic heating to eradicate bacteria from surfaces within the human body.

Nanotechnology plays an important role in the fabrication of different nanoparticles that can exhibit novel antimicrobial properties [14]. The nano-scale of metals play roles in understanding the ability to manipulate biological processes which will be the central theme for present biomedical and biological issues that need a nanoscience or nanotechnology approach [15]. Shahverdi et al [14]